Give examples on why we cannot base Psych on common sense
Definition
- Common sense is emotion-driven- involve our egos and what we believe in - Common sense is based on hindsight (20/20 hinsight)- the "i knew it all along" syndrome-overconfidence in our intuition (hunches) - things that seem to go together often don't go together - additional faulty heuristics- mental shortcuts -representativeness- estimating probability based on similiar prototype
Term
Give an example that common sense is emotion driven
Definition
"the death penalty would lower homicide rates"- this is not based on fact
Term
Give an experiment that shows that common sense is based on 20/20 hindsight
Definition
2 grps given a sentance: researcher saw that ppl(high, low) in self esteem more susceptible to flattery than those w/ (low, high) self esteem. In both group, 65% thought statments wasnt surprising
Term
Give an experiment related to how overconfidence in our hunches affects common sense
Definition
freshmen from intro psych- 84% said were sure they had right ans, 71% were right- allowed to pick # "i feel 98% certain that the pop of New Zealand is bigger than ___ and less than ____
Term
Give in example of how in common sense- things that seem to go together often don't go together
Definition
Suagr does not cause hyperactivity contrary to popular belief, actually depends on how underaroused the child is and to compensate for being underaroused .
Term
Psych
Definition
science that studies behavior and physiological and cognitive process that underlie behavior, and is profession that applies accumulated knowledge of this science to practical probs.
Term
7 major research areas in modern psych
Definition
Developmental psych
Social
Experimental
Physiological
Cognitive
Personality
Psychometrics
Term
what is social psych?
Definition
Interpersonal behavior, role of social forces on behavior
Term
Developmental psych
Definition
Human development across lifespan, focus on child
Term
Experimental
Definition
Traditional core of psych esp first half century – sensation, emotion, etc
Term
Physiological
Definition
Examines influence of genetic factor on behavior and role of brain, etc on behavior
Term
Cognitive
Definition
Focuses on mental process (memory, reasoning, info processing)
Term
Personality
Definition
Individuals consistency of behavior-represents their personality and factors that shape personality
Term
Psychometrics
Definition
Measurement of behavior and capacities- usually through development of psychological tests and stats analysis
Term
Clinical psych
Definition
Concerned w/ evaluation, diagnosis, treatment of individual/ with disorders
Term
Counseling Psych
Definition
Overlaps w/ clinical, interviewing, testing, providing therapy, more common and less severe (ie marriage counseling)
Term
Educational and school
Definition
Work to improve curriculum design, aid parents
and students with problems with testing
Term
Industrial and organizational
Definition
Wide variety of business and industry-human resources, increase productivity
Term
7 themes of Psych
Definition
In terms of Field and study:
Psych is empirical
Psych is theorectically diverse
Pysch involves Socio-historical context
In Terms of Psych's Subject matter:
Behavior determined by multiple causes
Behavior shaped by heritage
Heredity and environment both shape behavior
Ppl's experience of the world- highly subjective
Term
Psych is empirical, what does this mean?
Definition
Empiricism- the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation
Conclusions are based on direct observation rather than reasoning, speculation, traditional beliefs, or common sense
Term
Psych-theoretically diverse
Definition
Psych marked by theoretical diversity
Term
Psych evolves in Socio historical context
Definition
Trends, issues, values in society influence evolution of psych
Term
Behavior determined by multiple causes
Definition
Behavior is complex- most aspects of behavior by multiple causes. (multifactorial causation of behavior)
Term
Culture- widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and other products of community that are transmitted socially across generations, much of one’s culture-invisible
Term
Heredity and environment jointly influence behavior
Definition
“nature vs Nurture” Watson-nurture, sir francis galton- nature
But its actually both!!
Term
People’s experience of world-highly subjective
Definition
Ex Princeton and Dartmouth rival video- both saw more injustices from other side, people see what they want to see and expect to see (bias)
Term
purposeful, reasoned, goal-directed-thinking that involves solving probs, formulating interferences, working w/ probabilities, making thought out decisions
Term
Skills
Definition
a.Understand use and use of principles of scientific investigation
b.Apply rules of formal and informal logic
c.Think effectively in terms of probabilities
d.Carefully evaluate quality of information
e.Analyze arguments for soundness of the conclusions
Term
Instruction of critical thinking, based on-
Definition
i.Set of skills or strategies exists that students can learn to recognize and apply
ii.Skills are applied appropriately, students will become more effective thinkers
iii.Good for distinguishing among fact or opinion, using probability
iv.Good thinking skills- transcontextual skills
Term
Strategies of decision making
Definition
Additive strategy
Elimination by aspects
Term
Additive strategy
Definition
list attributes that influence decision, then rate the choice according to attributes, you can weigh certain attributes
Term
Elimination by aspects
Definition
gradually eliminating less attractive alternatives-whenever fails to fufill requirement- choice is eliminated
Term
As more options and factors added to tasks, ppl use ______ strategy
Definition
elimination
Term
interesting findings on decision making
Definition
When ppl decide their evaluations of options on specific attributes fluctuate decision more than anticipated, often swayed by incidental emotional fluctuations
Evaluations tend to be inconsistent- comparative evaluations of options tend to yield diff results than separate evaluations
Decisions makers frequently make choices based on comparative evaluations, but the chosen product, activity or event is actually experienced in isolation- can lead to regret
Term
Risky decision making
People frequently behave in ways that are inconsistent with expected value
why?
Definition
some theories replace the objective value of an outcome with its subjective utility. Subjective utility represents what and outcome is personally worth to an individual,if we know someone’s SU, we can better understand that person’s risky decision making
Term
Heuristics
Definition
mentalshortcuts that people use graphing probabilities- won kahneman the nobel prize in 2002
Term
Availability is heuristic
Definition
involves basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind-is reasonable strategy to use in estimating probability
Term
What is one downfall with Heuristics?
Definition
But you have difficulty retrieving them from memory, estimate biased- example letter k experiment
Term
what does the scientific approach assume?
Definition
The scientific approach assumes that events are governed by some lawful order
Term
Goals of the scientific enterprise
Definition
measurement and description
understanding and prediction
application and control.
Term
Define measurement and description
Definition
researchers need to figure out a way to measure the pheomenon under study
Term
define understanding and prediction
Definition
a higher level of goal of science is understanding- reasons to occurence
Term
what is a hypothesis?
Definition
tenetive statement about relationship of two or more variables
Term
what do variables measure?
Definition
event characteristics,conditions, or behaviors that are controlled in a study
Term
what is application and control?
Definition
exerting control over a phenomenon, applying the research to schools, etc
Term
theories and how they help scientists achieve their goals
Definition
theory- system of interelation ideas used to explain a set of observations
can make leap from decriptions of behavior to understanding the behaviorprinciples to coherent whole by integrating apparently unrelated facts and principles
Term
how does enhanced understanding by theories guide future research?
Definition
they generate new predictions and suggests new lines of inquiry
Term
in order to apply the scientific theory, what must it be able to do?
Definition
it much be subject to testing
Term
How do most researchers go about testing theories?
Definition
they test one or two hypothesis at a time, theories sometimes too complex to be tested all at once. If it supports theory, the theory grows. If not, theory might be revised or discarded
Term
What are the steps to scientific investigation?
Definition
formulate testible hypothesis
select research method and design the study
collect the data
analyze the data and draw conclusions
report the data
Term
what makes a theory testable?
Definition
must be testable, formulated precisly, with clearly defined variables
Term
operational definition
Definition
actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable
Term
participants
Definition
persons or animals whose behavior is systematically observed in a study
Term
common ways to collect data
Definition
direct observation, questionaires, interviews, psych tests, physiological recordings, etc
SEE CHART 36
Term
journal
Definition
periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, usually narrowly defined area of inquiry
Term
what is the purpose of the 90% of psych guys being rejected for publishing their work in a journal?
Definition
allows other experts to make sure that high quality research is published and peer review prevents publishing wrong research
Term
what are the 2 major advantages of scientific research?
Definition
it has clarity and precision (not vague) and has a scientific approach to show what the heck they are talking about
