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| bumps on the skull reveal our mental abilities and character traits |
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| The weaknesses in Gall’s Phrenology theory were |
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Definition
1. the shape of the skull reflects the shape of the brain
2. inadequate classification of psychological characteristics that doomed any attempt to localize them in the brain
3. methods of observation which led to inabilities to falsify the theory |
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| Life support center of the neuron |
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Definition
| They receive messages from other neurons, and carry them to the cell body |
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Definition
| carries signals from the cell body to other nerve cells |
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Definition
| covers an axon and insulates and speed up messages through neurons |
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| terminal branches of axon |
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Definition
| endings of an axon that transmit messages to other neurons; also called synaptic knobs |
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Definition
| small sacs which play an important role in transmitting signals from one cell to the next |
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Definition
| carry instructions from the central nervous system to the body’s organs and tissues |
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Definition
| electrochemical process where the neural impulse (action potential) is passed along the axon to the axon terminals |
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Definition
| chemical process where the neural impulse is passed from the axon terminal of one neuron to the dendrite or cell body of another neuron |
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Term
| Axonal conduction In motor neurons and interneurons |
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Definition
| from the cell body to the axon terminals |
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Term
| Axonal conduction In sensory neurons |
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Definition
| the impulse moves from the dendrite area of the axon to its axon terminals |
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Term
| axons ____ dendrites ______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A neural impulse; brief electrical charge that travels down an axon made by the movement of positive atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane. |
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Definition
| the minimum intensity for a neuron in fire an action potential |
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Definition
| junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed into the sending neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| mimic neurotransmitters and excite |
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Term
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Definition
| occupies and blocks receptor sites |
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Definition
| contains the brain and the spinal cord |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
| contains all the neural structures that lie outside of the brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
| carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the CNS |
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Definition
| link the input and output functions |
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Definition
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Definition
| Largely regulates the body’s internal environment |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| has an activation or arousal function, and it tends to act as a total unit |
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| affects one or a few organs at a time;slows down body processes |
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| automatic survival functions |
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| controls heartbeat and breathing |
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| fear, aggression and drives for food and sex |
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| eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions |
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| Case Study of Phineas Gage proves |
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Definition
| localized function in the brain |
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Definition
| damage in the brain tissue |
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Definition
| two hemispheres of the brain are isolated |
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Definition
| Alterations in brain morphology due to neurological and psychiatric diseases |
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Definition
| An amplified recording of the electrical impulses |
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| PET (positron emission tomography) Scan |
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Definition
| is a visual display of brain activity that detects a radioactive form of glucose |
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| MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) |
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Definition
| computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of brain tissue |
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Definition
| little brain concerned with muscular movement coordination, & plays a role in learning and memory |
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Definition
| blocks brain messages or allows them to go forward; plays role in consciousness, sleep, and attention |
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Term
| ascending part of reticular formation |
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Definition
| sends input to higher regions of the brain to alert it |
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| descending portion of reticular formation |
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Definition
| receives commands from the higher brain centers to admit or block out sensory input |
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Definition
| The visual, auditory, and body senses |
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| forming and retrieving memories |
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Definition
frontal lobe parietal lobe
temporal occipital |
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Definition
| a 24-hour cycle and include sleep and wakefulness |
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Definition
| light sleep where the brain enters a high-amplitude |
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Definition
| During deepest sleep, brain activity slows down |
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Term
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Definition
| the sleep cycle starts moving backward towards stage 1 |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs during deepest sleep; causes dreams |
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Term
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Definition
Sleep Protects
Sleep Helps us Recover
Sleep Helps us Remember
Sleep may play a role in the growth process |
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Definition
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Definition
| Overpowering urge to fall asleep |
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Definition
| Failure to breathe when asleep |
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| mental screen on which things appear to be presented for viewing in your mind |
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Definition
| consciousness is always being directed toward an object |
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Definition
| consciousness is resistant to division |
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Definition
| inability to see an object or a person in our midst |
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Definition
| consciousness tends to change |
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Definition
| chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood |
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Definition
| repeated exposure to a drug, the drug’s effect lessens |
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Definition
| undesirable effects after stopping a drug addiction |
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Term
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Definition
| Absence of a drug causescphysical pain, intense cravings, and negative emotions |
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Definition
| craving for a chemical substance |
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Definition
| reduce neural activity and slow body functions |
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Definition
| affects motor skills, judgment, and memory |
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Definition
| reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment |
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Definition
| lessening pain and anxiety; highly addictive |
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| drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions |
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Definition
| increase heart and breathing rates |
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Definition
| induces immediate euphoria followed by a crash |
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Definition
| produces a euphoric high and can damage serotonin-producing neurons |
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Definition
| highly addictive and speeds up body functions |
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| psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs |
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Definition
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Definition
| active ingredient in marijuana |
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