Term
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Definition
| The scientific study of behavior and mental process. |
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Term
| What are the goals of psychology? |
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Definition
| Describe, explain, predict, and control (behavior and mental process). |
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Term
| What do psychologists do? |
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Definition
| Engage in research and practice. |
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Term
| Which two ancient greeks contributed to psychology? |
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Definition
| Aristotle and Democritus. |
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Term
| What is structualism and who was its founder? |
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Definition
Using introspection to study objective and subjective elements of experience.
Founder - Wilhelm Wundt. |
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Term
| Who was the first to establish a psychological laboratory? Where and when? |
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Definition
| Wilhelm Wundt - Leipzig, Germany in 1879 |
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Term
| What is Funtionalism and who was its founder(s)? |
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Definition
| The school of functionalism focused on observable behavior, conscious experience and focused on importance of habit. Founder - William James. |
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Term
| What is Behaviorism and who was its founder(s)? |
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Definition
| The argument that psychology must limit to observable behavior and not subjective consciousness. |
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Term
| What is the main focus on behaviorism? |
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Definition
| Learning by conditioning and concept of reinforcement. |
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Term
| What is Gestalt psychology? |
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Definition
| It is concerned with perception and the argument of the wholeness of human experiences is more than the sum of its parts. |
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Term
| Who were the founders of Gestalt psychology? |
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Definition
| Wertheimer, Koffka, and Köhler. |
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Term
| What is psychoanalysis and who is the founder? |
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Definition
The idea that people are driven by hidden impulses that they distort reality to protect themselves from anxiety.
Founder - Sigmund Freud |
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Term
| What is the Evolutionary perspective? |
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Definition
| the arguement that only the "fittest" organsims reach maturity and reproduce, transmitting traits and enabling them to survive to offspring. |
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Term
| What is the biological perspective? |
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Definition
| studies of links between behavior and mental processes on one hand and heredity, the nervous system, and the edocrine system on the other. |
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Term
| What does the endocrine system release into the bloodstream? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cognitive perspective? |
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Definition
| concerned with the ways we mentally represent the world and process information. |
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Term
| What do cognitive psychologists do? |
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Definition
| study how we learn, remember the past, plan for the future, solve problems, form judgments, make decisions, and use language. |
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Term
| What is the humanistic-existential perspective? |
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Definition
| psychologists who stress the importance of subjective experience and assert that people have the freedom to make choices. |
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Term
| What is the role of psychoanalysis today? And what these psychologists call themselves now? |
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Definition
| neoanalysts focus less on unconscious process and more on conscious choice and self-direction. |
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Term
| What are two major perspectives on learning? |
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Definition
| behavioral perspective and the social cognitive perspective. |
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Term
| What does behaviorism focus on? |
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Definition
| focuses on environmental influences on learning. |
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Term
| What do psychologists argue about social cognitive theory that they can address? |
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Definition
| that people engage in intentional learning, and that people are free to modify and create environments. |
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Term
| What is the sociocultural perspective? |
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Definition
| focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in behavior and mental process. |
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Term
| How have access to education and the field of psychology historically influenced the participation of women and people from various ethnic/racial backgrounds? |
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Definition
| have heightened awareness of issues concerning their groups, such as prejudice and Ebonics. |
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Term
| What is the scientific method? |
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Definition
| an organized way of expanding and refining knowledge. Reaching conclusions about research questions or the accuracy of their hypotheses. |
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Term
| How do psychologists use samples to represent populations? |
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Definition
| a sample (participate) is a segment of a population. samples must accurately represent the population they intend to reflect. |
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Term
| What occurs in a random sample? |
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Definition
| each member of a population han an equal chance of being selected to participate. |
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Term
| What occurs in a stratified sample? |
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Definition
| identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample. |
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Term
| What methods of observation are used by psychologists? |
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Definition
| case study, the survey, and the naturalistic observation. |
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Term
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Definition
| gather information about the lives of individuals or small groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| uses interviews, questionnaires, or public records to gather information about behavior that cannot be observed directly. |
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Term
| Naturalistic observation? |
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Definition
| observes behavior where it happens. |
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Term
| What is the correlational method? |
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Definition
| reveals relationships between variables, but does not determine cause and effect. |
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Term
| What happens in a positive and negative correlation? |
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Definition
| variables increase simultaneously and in the negative, variables increase while the other decreases. |
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Term
| What happens in a positive and negative correlation? |
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Definition
| variables increase simultaneously and in the negative, variables increase while the other decreases. |
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Term
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Definition
| experiments are used to discover cause and effect--that is effects of independant variables on dependent variables. |
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Term
| What is critical thinking? |
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Definition
| associated with skeptical thinking; involves analyzing the questions, statements, and arguments of others. |
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Term
| The roles of genes and chromosomes in heredity. |
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Definition
| Genes are segments of chromosomes. Chromosomes are molecules of DNA. A variation of chromosomes (like SRY) can determine the sex a child and is connected with aggressive behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| studies that help pschologists determine the influences of genetic and environmental factors on behavior and mental process. |
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Term
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Definition
| one breeds offspring that are closest to a desired trait and continuance of breeding to reach desired breeding goal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that transmit information through neural impulses and glial cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| cell body; dendrites (recieve msgs); axons (conduct and then transmit msgs to other cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| An electric charge conducted along an axon through a process that allows sodium ions to enter the cell, then pumps them out. |
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Term
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Definition
| defined as releasing neurotransmitters (transmitting messages to other neurons, muscles, or glands) |
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