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Psych 155 Exam 2
human learning: memory
54
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
10/15/2016

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Cards

Term

Factors Affecting Primacy but

NOT Recency

Definition

1. Rate of presentations: How fast or slow you say the word/ # etc. The slower rate enhances primacy bc it gives you more time to rehearse. 

2. List length: longer lists impair primacy

3. Familiarity of materials: enhances primacy.Ex: cat,dog, tree. vs. bab,nes, hul, wap

***Medial Temporal lobe damage impairs long term memory but not working memory.

Term
Factors affecting recency
Definition

1. filled delay (articulatory supression ) between study and test impairs recency.

Ex: recall list of letters after counting backwards (filled delay) makes it more difficult. 

Term
What brain regions are hypothesized to control each element of the tripartite model?
Definition

1. Phonological Loop: Left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

2. Central Executive: Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

3. Visuospatial sketchpad: Right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

Term
What pattern of amnesia do individuals with MTL damage show?
Definition

1. Impaired formation of episodic memories. (Perfrom poorly on tests of free recall and recognition)

2. Impaired of creating semantic memories. Highly impaired of learning new concepts. 

3. impairs the ability to remember semantic and episodic memories aqcuired in close proximity to the injury.

4. Affect memories still going through consolidation. 

Term
What role does the hippocampus play in forming new episodic memories?
Definition

The hippocampus is the RULER. It recieves all sensory info. at one time. It combines all info into one neat episode that you are experiencing.  This is the ONLY place in the brain where this can happen.

Term

How does the classical view of semantic memory differ from probabilistic views?

Definition

Classical view states that features are necessary and must exist for and item to belong in a category. If they posses these sepecific characteristics then it is sufficient, and n other additional charateristics are needed. 

The Probablistic view states that while some of the features may be necessary, most are probabilistic. So, characteristics are sometimes but not alwasy present. 

Term
Classical View
Definition
Classical View: a concept or category are represnrted by its defining features. Definig properties are necessery and sufficient to determine identity. These properties MUST exist for an item to belong to a category. (NECESSARY). If these properties exist, no additional properties are needed to belong to a category (SUFFICIENT).
Term

Prototype Theory

(Probabilistic view)

Definition

Focuses on the center of the a category (prototyope) rather that its bounderies. Category membership is determined by similarity prototype. 

* Aprototype is a representation of the categories central tendencies. In other words, the common features that repeat accross category members are averaged into a prototype.

Term

Exemplar Theory 

(Probabilistic view)

Definition
We store numerous examples of members of a category, rather than compare to a prototype. This theory state that we assess similarity to many different exemplars.
Term

Exemplar vs. Prototype

(Probabilistic view)

Definition

Exemplar is better able to explain our ability to form new categories. However there is evidence supporting both prototype and exemplar theory. 

Exemplars seem to be more importnat early in learning. With more experience we rely more on prototypes.

Term
Agnosia
Definition
The inability to interpret sensations and hence to recognize things typically as a resulkt of brain damage.
Term
Visual Agnosia
Definition

Difficulty recognizing objects visualy but can identify objects via touch. 

 

*Damage to ventral surface of the brain.

Term
Tactile Agnosia
Definition

Dificulty recognizing objects by touch, but can identify objects visually

 

 

*Damage to the perietal lobe

Term
Semantic Dementia
Definition

Gradual & incremental loss of semantic knowledge in ALL modalities. 

 

1st symptoms include difficulty with word finding. 

ex. Correctly indentyfying objects.

Term
Anterograde Amnesia
Definition
Loss of the ability to icreate new memories after the MTL injury leading to partial or complete inability to recal the recent past, while long term memories from before the event remin intact.
Term
Retrograde Amnesia
Definition
Temprally-graded disruption of episodic and semantic memories pre-injury. It is worse right before your injury but does not affect your long OLD OLD memories.
Term

Primary Memory 

A.K.A

Working Memory

Definition

Shorter-easy to access

-info you are currently aware of 

-effortlessly available--> what you are currently thinking about. 

-Fleeting! constantly changing

-limited capacity.

ex: Holding on to a Cell # until you add to your phone.

Term

Secondary Memory 

A.K.A

Long Term Memory

Definition

Longer- Harder to access

-Memory of teh past

-Available with effort but permanent 

-Unlimited capacity.

ex: What did you do for your 15th birthday?

Term

Sensory Memory

(Transient Memory)

Definition
Shortest form of memory. Our sensory systems are able to convert sensory stimui into neural representations. Sensory systems have a brief "storage space" for these representations.
Term
N-Back Task
Definition

1 back

2 back

3 back

You must say if the letter or number that was N back the same as the first.

ex: 12341 is 4 back the same? yes! 

Term
Serial Position
Definition
Order of items within a list. You are more likely to remember the first words of the list and the last words of the list.
Term
Free Recall
Definition
You are exposed to a list of items and the are asked to recall as many items as you can.
Term
Primacy Effect
Definition

Tend to remember items at the beg. of a list well.

 

*Reflects long term memory

Term
Recency Effect
Definition

Recall the last words of a list because you just RECENTLY heard it.

 

* Reflects working memory

Term

Phonological Loop

(Tripartite model)

Definition

Hold acoustic and speech info. 
Maintenance occurs via internal rehearsal.


WM is impaired by:

-Longer words(takes longer to rehearse)

- similar sounding words(interfere during rehearsal)

-articulatory suppresion (inability to rehearse)

* simultaneous visuosatial will NOT interfere with wm. 

Term

Central Executive

(Tripartite model)

Definition

*provides cognitive control of the WM.

- exerts control over behavior 

*2 main functions:

-decides which info is maintained and manipulates the maintained info.

Control Process:

-Processes that influence our thoughts an dbehaviors to accomplish our goals. (can be a very small goal)

 -Retrieving info from LTM

Term

Inhibition

(Central executive 'Tripatite Model')

Definition

Resisting an urge to do something that will ultimitely hurt you reaching your goal.


Ex:  not answering the phone during class because it will keep you from your goal of paying attention and writting your notes. 


Term

Selection 

(Central executive 'Tripatite Model')

Definition

Select actions and engaging in your thoughts will get you to your goal. 

 

ex: I chose to stay home and study for a test instead of going to my dance class, this way I will reach my goal of passing my test.

Term

Shifting Attention

(Central executive 'Tripatite Model')

Definition

coordinating, updating, and monitoring your working memory.

 

Ex: @ work I am constantl shifting my attention from helping a student to quickly checking the room to help reach my goal of helping my students succed as well as keep them safe in the classroom. 

Term
Visuospatial sketchpad
Definition

* Holds visual and Spatial info

- Visuospacial WM is impaired by simultaneous tasks with visuospatial demands. 

-Simultaneous phonological info does not impair WM. 

Term
Stroop Task
Definition

Say aloud the color of ink in which the word is printed.

 

Ex: RED  

you would have to say red eventhough the word is colered green.

Term
Go/No go Task
Definition

Mainly a test of inhibition/ How good people are @ inhibitig a response. 

-Given that x is rare, have to inhibit the more dominant response of clapping. 

Term
Winsconsin Card sorting task
Definition

Sorting Card task where the rule constantly changes and you must figure out what that new rule is. 

ex: Are you sorting the cards by color? shape? number of items on the card? must be aware of the  rule change. 

Term

Perservation

(error)

Definition

Continuing to use an old rule despite it no longer being relevant. So, sticking to old behavior even if its bad .

Successfully switching rules requires updating and inhibition 

Term
Tower of Hanoi
Definition

-Entire tower must be moved to the peg on the right . Only move 1 disk @ a time. Larger disks can't cover smaller disks. 


-Performance= # of moves (smallest number of moves is 7).


-Requires planning in order to reach goal.

Term
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Definition

Supports the central executive.

(Tripartite model)

Term
Ventrolateral Prefrontal cortex
Definition

The right VLPFC supports maintanence of the VISUOSPATIAL SKETCHPAD. 

 

The Left VLPFC supports maintenance of the PHONOLOGICAL LOOP.

Term
Dysexecutive Syndrome
Definition

1. Increase in distractibility

2. utilization/imitation behavior

3. Perseveration

4. Difficulty inhibiting innapropriate responses

5. Inability to maintain info given 

6. Difficulty startegizing and planning ahead. 

7. Difficulty initiating behaviors (inactivity)

Term
Utilization behavior
Definition
Very reactive to stimuli in their environment. They see stimuli and they use it, the cannot help themselves.
Term
Imitation behavior
Definition
Imitating what someone is doing.
Term
Episodic Memory
Definition

-Concious memories of past events.

-Memory for a specific event (what) that occured at a specific time (when) and the place (where).


How is it measured? 

-recall tests

-recognition 

-tests in animals

Term
Semantic memory
Definition

-General Knowledge about the world. 

Ie. knowing facts and concepts

Term
Encoding
Definition
Forming a new memory rerpresentation (Study)
Term
Retrieval
Definition
Bringing infor back to mind (test)
Term
Consolidation
Definition
Transforming a memory representation.
Term
Cued Recall
Definition

giving a cue, need to recall the rest.

Ex: Fill in the blank based on your memory of the study list.

Term
Item recognition
Definition
Items are given, you need to decide if items are recognizable or not.
Term
Morris Water Maze
Definition

Tests memory for what and where.

- Pool with underwater platform. 

-How fast does the rat get to the platform after many trials of finding the platform. 

Term
Food Cache Test
Definition

Episodic memory in scrub Jays(birds)

Jays burried 2 tyoes of food worms and nuts. 

- Dug up the worms after 4 hrs

-Dug up the nuts after 124 hours.

 

They know that the worms will go bad faster than the nuts. 

Term

Medial Temporal Lobe 

(MTL)

&

Hippocampus 

Definition

MTL important for encoding and includes the Hippocampus.

Hierchy of info flow:

1. Primary sensory areas

-Visual 

-Auditory 

-Olfactory

-sematisism

2. Association areas

-put info into meaningful chunks. 

****3. Hippocampus (convergence zone)

Receiving all sensory info into 1 neat episode. 

ONLY PLACE THIS CAN HAPPEN 

Term
MTL is not necessary for...
Definition

1. working memory

2. non-declaritive memory

    -priming(cortical regions)

    -conditioning(e.g.,cerebellum,amygdala)

    -skill learning (basal ganglia)

Term
Chunking
Definition

putting various items in a "chunk" to help increase span. 

Ex: Ericson and Chase (1982)

- digit span task

-a runner chucked #'s as running times. W/ practicve WM capacity improved. HOEWVER it does not generalize to letter span.

Term
Standard Consolidation Theory
Definition

-MTL damage impairs recent memories still undergoing consolidation

-Memoriesa already fully consolidated in the cortex remain ntact 

Term
Associative Learning
Definition

Class demo:

Show on screen

Airplane-paper

Tiger-goat

 

Later must recall if it is a new pairing old or intact. 

 

 

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