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| STAGES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT |
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| conception-zygote, embryo, fetus,child |
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| natural style of interacting with the environment. genetic. |
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| easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up |
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| strong bond that develops between child and primary caregivers. develops in the first 6 months. |
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| avoidant (ignore caregiver) or ambivalent (cry a lot) |
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| Authoritarian; authoriatative; neglectful; permissive. |
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| arbitrary rules. expect unquestioning obedience. punishment to correct misbehavior. children are anxious, withdrawn and unhappy. |
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| high but realistic goals. enforce limits but reason with the child. knowing why rules are necessary makes it easier for the child to follow them. children do well. |
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| few rules or demands and do not enforce. allow children to make their own decisions. children can be immature, impulsive, dependent, less self-reliant. behavior problems. |
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| permissive and not involved in children's lives. children are insecurely attached and have problems building and maintaining relationships. |
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| transition from childhood to adolescence |
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| physical changes of puberty |
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| surge of hormones, growth spurt. |
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| Jeffery Arnett. industrialization and capitalism changed what 18-29 yo's experienced. focus on self-exploration and identity expression instead of settling down. |
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| the cessation of menstruation. end of a woman's reproductive years. |
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| male physical decline from aging |
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| gradual decline in T and semen production |
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| breakdown of myelin sheaths on neurons. slow down of o2 supply to the brain. sensory abilities less sharp. |
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| cognitive changes of aging |
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| abilities grow up to 60. steady but modest decline to 80. rapid decline after 80. |
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| crystallized intelligence |
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| verbal ability and accumulated knowledge. increases over time and age. |
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| abstract reasoning and mental flexibility. decreases slowly as people age. |
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| progressive and incurable disorder that results in widespread deterioration of the brain cells. dementia. |
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| problems with memory and cognitive abilities. |
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| death and dying. 5 stages of grief. |
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| denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance |
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| an individual's characteristic pattern of behavior, thought, emotions and expression of feelings |
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| psychoanalytic theory of personality |
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| deterministic. negative. explains irrational behaviors |
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| Freud's theory of personality |
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| Id-pleasure principle, Ego-reality principle, Superego-moral principle. personality arises from conflicts among them. |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanisms |
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| technique used by individuals to defend the self against anxiety and maintain self worth. repression, projection, denial, rationalization. |
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| oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital. center on a particular body part that provides pleasure. |
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| Maslow's theory of personality |
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| humanistic. self-actualization. motivation is the root of understanding personality. develop to full potential. strive to be complete. |
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| humanistic. difficulty accepting true feelings. move away from authentic feelings to make people happy. need unconditional positive regard. 2 selves: real and ideal. greater discrepancy=more problems adjusting. |
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| personality is broad, enduring dispositions that guide our behaviors. ignore context. |
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| 16PF. cardinal, common and individual traits. |
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| trait that dominates a person |
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| 5 trait theory of personality. extroversion most important. |
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| Eysenck. OCEAN. openness. conscientiousness. extraversion. agreeableness. neuroticism. |
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| social cognitive perspective of personality |
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| focus on individual's interpretation of experiences and how that informs behavior. individual behavior causes situations. |
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| reciprocal determinism. personality is environment, interpretation and behavior. personal control, self-efficacy. |
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| world and person's behavior can cause each other |
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| Bandura. emphasis on regulation and control over one's behavior so that eventually one can control the environment. |
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| Bandura. belief that one can master a situation to produce positive outcomes. coping with stress, reducing addictive behavior. |
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| social cognition. situationalism. personality not stable. |
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| Mischel. individuals choose their behavior after evaluating their context. cognitive affective processing system=our interpretation. |
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| personality assessment. MMPI=psychiatric disorders, 16PF, CPI. pen and paper. |
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| personality assessments. Freud. ambiguous stimuli that encourages individuals to reveal hidden emotions and motives. TAT-tell story about images. Rorschach inkblot. |
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