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Definition
| learning in which the frequency of responding is influenced by the consequences that are contingent on a response |
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| the number of responses emitted in a period of time; a change in this rate is taken as evidence of learning |
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| a device that provides a controlled environment for measuring learning |
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Definition
| behaviors freely emitted by an organism |
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Definition
| a discrete behavior by an organism |
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Definition
| an outcome stimulus that is presented contingent on a response and that has the effect of increasing the rate of responding |
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Definition
| the rate of responding before conditioning |
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Definition
| a reinforcer that is not learned (i.e., innate) |
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Definition
| a reinforcer that is learned |
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Definition
| an outcome stimulus that ends when a response occurs; it has the effect of increasing the rate of responding |
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Definition
| a stimulus contingent on a response and that has the effect of decreasing the rate of responding |
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Definition
| reduction in the rate of responding when reinforcement ends |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement of successive approximations of a response to increase the frequency of a response that originally has a zero base rate |
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Definition
| operant technique for developing sequences of responses by teaching the last one, then adding the next to last, and so on, with each response producing the stimuli that control the next response |
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Definition
| learning to respond differentially, depending on environmental stimuli |
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Definition
| responding to stimuli that were not present during learning as though they were the discriminative stimuli present during learning |
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Term
| schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| the specific contingency between a response and a reinforcement |
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Term
| continuous reinforcement (CR) schedule |
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Definition
| a reinforcement schedule in which every response is reinforced |
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Term
| partial reinforcement schedule |
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Definition
| a reinforcement schedule in which only some responses are reinforced |
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Term
| fixed ratio (FR) schedule |
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Definition
| a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcement follows every Nth response (e.g., in FR-15, every 15th response is reinforced) |
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Term
| variable ratio (VR) schedule |
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Definition
| a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcement follows, on the average, every Nth response, (e.g., in VI-15, one reinforcement is given for every 15 responses, but sometimes fewer than 15 responses occur between reinforcements and sometimes more) |
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Term
| fixed interval (FI) schedule |
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Definition
| a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcement follows every N units of time (e.g., in FI-15, one reinforcement is given every 15 seconds if a response has occurred at least once) |
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Term
| variable interval (VI) schedule |
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Definition
| a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcement follows, on the agerage, every N units of time, (e.g., in VI-15, one reinforcement is given every 15 seconds on the average if a response has occurred at least once, but sometimes the time span is under 15 seconds between reinforcements and sometimes more) |
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Term
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Definition
| the application of learning principles to therapy |
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Definition
| prepartory to behavior modification, careful observation to identify the stimuli and reinforcements influencing behavior |
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Definition
| setting in which reinforcement of behavior is systematically applied in a group setting through the use of tokens, which can later be exchanged for rewards or privileges |
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Definition
| the novel about Skinner's imagined utopian community based on learning principles |
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Term
| psychological behaviorism |
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Definition
| behavioral theory, proposed by Staats, that includes traditional personality concerns (e.g., emotion, testing) as well as behavior |
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Definition
| a procedure or environment in which no reinforcements are given in an effort to extinguish unwanted behavior |
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Term
| basic behavioral repertoires (BBRs) |
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Definition
| learned behaviors fundamental to later learning of more complex behavior, in three categories: language-cognitive, emotional-motivational, and sensory-motor |
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Definition
| measuring personality traits by assessing the frequency of prototypical behaviors |
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