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| the perspective that applies the evolutionary principles of natural selection to understanding human psychology, including personality |
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| the evolutionary principle that traits that increase the survival of the individual and his or her genetic relatives will become more frequent by natural selection |
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| the principle that natural selection favors those who risk their own lives or welfare to improve the survival and reproductive prospects of their genetic relatives |
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| the evolutionary principle whereby members of a group take risks to help the survival and reproductive prospects of others, even nonrelatives, with the (not necessarily conscious) expectation of being helped in return |
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| evolved psychological mechanisms |
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| specific psychological processes that have evolved because they solved particular adaptive problems (e.g., sexual jealousy, dealing with the problem of paternal uncertainty) |
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| the expenditure of time and resources to reproduce each child, especially emphasizing the amount of one's reproductive potential that is expended for each child |
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| evolutionary proposal that men cannot be sure they are the biological fathers of the children born to their mates |
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| hormone released by nursing females and in sexual intercourse; thought to promote caretaking and cuddling |
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| evolution through transmitted learning from one generation to another |
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| the statistic that shows what proportion of the variability of a trait in a particular population is associated with genetic variability |
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| phenotypic traits caused by a constellation of many genes and so may not appear to run in families |
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| the biologically based foundation of personality, including such characteristic patterns of behavior as emotionality, activity, and sociability |
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| temperament type (described by Kagan) that is shy and nonassertive around strangers, proposed to have high levels of norepinephrine and an activation of the amygdala |
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| temperament type (described by Kagan) that is outgoing and low in fear, proposed to have lower sympathetic nervous system activity |
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| brain area involved in fear, theorized (by Kagan) to contribute to inhibited temperament |
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| the inherited genetic profile of an individual |
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| the developed characteristics that can be observed in an individual, based on both genetic and environmental influences |
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| neurotransmitter involved in many brain functions, including rewarding experiences, novelty seeking, schizophrenia (high levels), and Parkinson's disease (low levels) |
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| in Pavlov's theory, a nervous system that forms stronger conditioned responses and tolerates higher intensities of stimulation; said by other theorists to produce extraversion |
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| in Pavlov's theory, a nervous system that forms weaker conditioned responses and does not tolerate high intensities of stimulation; said by other theorists to produce introversion |
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| trait, proposed by Zuckerman, of seeking varied, novel, complex and intense sensations and experiences, even if that requires risk |
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| tolerance for high levels of stimulation because of a strong nervous system that inhibits incoming stimulation, leading to sociability in Eysenck's theory |
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| tendency toward high levels of emotional arousal; the second factor in Eysenck's factor model |
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| in Eysenck's model, factor related to nonconformity or social deviance |
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| behavioral activation system (bas) |
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| in Gray's model, tendency of personality related to the approaching of rewarding experiences |
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| behavioral inhibition system (BIS) |
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| in Gray's model, tendency of personality related to reactions to aversive stimuli |
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| fight-flight system (FFS) |
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| biological personality factor proposed by Gray that produces rage and panic |
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| biological trait proposed by Cloninger that activates people to explore new things; related to dopamine levels |
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| biological dimension proposed by Cloninger that inhibits behavior; related to serotonin levels |
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| biological dimension proposed by Cloninger that maintains behavior through seeking rewards; related to norepinephrine levels |
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