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Definition
| loss of self awareness, individual identity (and thus individual accountability). Can lead to socially deviant behavior depending on context |
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| Positive counterpart to deindividuation, were person is completely immersed in the situation. Characterized by being in control, without exerting effort. Usually associated with very good feeling and actions |
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| The state where everyone believes they are above average. Usually inaccurate view, but usually healthy. Everyone has different points of comparison, thus making everyone believe that they are above average |
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| Belief in our head that makes us out to e better than we really are. Not done consciously, but often times we just remember selectively, making ourselves appear better than we really are.when people attribute their successes to internal or personal factors but attribute their failures to situational factors beyond their control. |
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| The way we think about ourselves. Usually unreasonably high due to various factors in our society |
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| we carry around society’s standards (generalized other), so if we meet those, we’ll be accepted by others. Our self-esteem is derived from how well we fit in to the group |
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| High Self Esteem vs. Low Self Esteem |
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Definition
| High self esteem makes strengths more accessible and weaknesses less accessible after failure. Low self esteem does the opposite, thus perpetuating the low self esteem and bad feelings, and they like to stew in their failures |
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| We compare ourselves to others to gauge what type of person we are. Often times this can be inaccurate, because we decide who we compare ourselves to |
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| Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory |
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| How we support other people depends on the implications that would have on our self esteem. We want to see others succeed, but only if it won't make us feel bad |
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| We use this to evaluate ourselves, and thus we always want to receive positive feedback, regardless of the truth |
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| We want to hear good things about ourselves regardless of the truth. This pushed for positivity. Wanting to be liked by others |
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| Want to hear things about ourselves that we believe to be true. Pushes for authenticity and consistency. We want to know that others see us as we see ourselves |
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| Negative vs. Positive Feedback |
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Definition
| If we had to choose, we would hear only positive feedback, but if we are forced to receive feedback, we want to hear feedback that we believe to be true--Positive or negative |
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| Excuses for why we have or have not done something or acted a certain way. This is done mostly automatically, so as to not feel phony and inaccurate to ourselves |
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| We need to create balanced triads to feel good. If you and another person have differing feelings about a certain objects, either you must change your feelings towards that person or the object to feel authentic. +++,++-,---,--+ |
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| Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
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Definition
| This is an intrapersonal feelings when our attitudes and actions do not match. We have three options: change attitude, change behavior, or minimize severity of issue in our mind |
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| Insufficient Justification |
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Definition
| We need to justify our actions, so if money or other incentives do not do it, we change our attitudes towards certain things to feel ok about ourselves |
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Definition
| We feel responsible for the choices that we have made, and thus need to rationalize it, by inflating our attitudes towards the appliance we chose, and finding negative aspects about the appliance we rejected. When writing essays, we change attitudes after the fact and misremember original attitude, so as to feel consistent |
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| Missatribution of Dissonance Arousal |
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Definition
| By providing subjects with a possible reason for their arousal, the arousal pills, the subjects do not feel the need to change their attitudes or feel dissonance |
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| Refers to the process by which we assign invisible mental states to objects based on inferences we make about situations |
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Term
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Definition
Traits-->States-->Intention-->Behavior
BUT,
Behavior-->Intention-->States-->Traits
We judge people by their behavior and assign certain traits to them incorrectly |
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Term
| Dispositional vs. Situational Factors |
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Definition
| These two usually go together, dispositional factors can also be referred to as traits, and these are usually couple with pressures of a certain situation |
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Term
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Definition
| We must judge an action in terms of 3 factors: Consistency, Consensus, and Distinctiveness; however, this assumes that we get the chance to see a person for an extended period of time, which is not true! |
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| Correspondent Inference Theory |
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Definition
Attributions based on a single action:
Behavior=Dispositional+Situational, thus
D=B-S.
If behavior is stronger than situational factors, then we can assume disposition to that certain behavior |
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| Correspondence Bias/ Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
| We assume that behavior is equal to disposition, and ignore the situational constraints of a given situation. |
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| Reasons for Committing FAE |
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Definition
1.We overlook situational constraints.
2.We have inaccurate theories about situational influence
3. Salience
4.Incomplete Corrections |
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Term
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Definition
We get things right most of the time because of 3 main reasons:
1)We often see people in the same situations
2)People usually chose their situation
3)People's situation change them |
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Definition
| We have various biases in our life, which we are unaware of, and thus when making judgments, we are often incorrect |
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Definition
| Incorrect model that claims that a gain of $10, should be feel as good, as a loss of $10 feels bad. However, Losses loom larger than gains |
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Term
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Definition
S-shaped curve that accurately predicts expected value. Important factors:
1)There is a zero point where graph changes drastically
2)Slope on negative side is steeper than slope on positive side(Losses loom larger than gains)
3)As we move away from zero in either direction, slope becomes less steep. 0 to 1 is tragedy. 100 is a statistic |
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Term
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Definition
| For gains we are risk aversive, while for loses we are risk seeking. Explained by prospective curve |
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Definition
| Cognition that are more available or accessible in our memory and we estimate them as occurring more frequently. Chance of dying in plane crash or in car crash? |
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Term
| Representativeness Heuristic: Law of Small Numbers, Neglecting Base Rates, and Conjunction Fallacy |
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Definition
Using subjective similarity between
observation and an expected profile or
pattern, while ignoring other statistical information |
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Term
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Definition
| We anchor on some piece of information, even if it is often times irrelevant, and from that point we make corrections, but most of the time they are not nearly enough. |
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Definition
| Our mind substitutes something that it can not compute, for something that it can, usually leading us to incorrect conclusions |
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Term
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Definition
Beliefs that associate a group of people
with certain traits. Can be positive or negative. Deals with cognition |
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Definition
Negative feelings/attitudes towards others because of their group membership.
Deals with affect |
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Definition
Negative behaviors towards others
because of their group membership. Deals with behavior |
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Definition
| Deals with people making conscious judgments about other people based on group affiliation. We hate everything about USC, simply because we go to UCLA |
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Term
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Definition
| These are unconscious feelings embedded in out brain about certain groups that are very hard to get away from. IAT reveals negative associations of blacks |
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Term
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Definition
| The fear that one’s performance in a domain may confirm a stereotype about one’s group. This may deal with the perpetuation of the stereotype. Blacks doing worse on IQ test when asked to fill out race bubble |
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Term
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Definition
| We want to minimize our effort when thinking, and stereotypes are effective in making life simpler in most cases |
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Term
| Basic Rule of Social Psychology |
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Definition
Social psychological factors (context,
schemas, expectations) are more important for interpreting ambiguous than non-ambiguous stimuli and situations |
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Term
| Self-Fulfilling Prophecies |
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Definition
When an originally false social belief
leads to its own fulfillment. Prediction of bloomers in class actually doing better because of more attention and other factors |
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Term
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Definition
| The way we communicate with everything but speech. Often times can lead to implicit prejudice, and we are often unaware of what we are doing. Sometimes you can read a book by its cover. |
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Term
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Definition
We conform to authority for two main reasons:
-Information
-Norms |
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Term
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Definition
| When in group, people eventually start thinking alike. Resembles concept of group think |
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Term
| Informational Pressure vs. Normative Pressure |
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Definition
| We sometimes conform because we feel others may have information that we do not have.Usually deals with calm subjects in an ambiguous situation Other times we conform to not feel left out of the group. Usually deals with tense subjects in a clear situation |
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Term
| Low-Ball vs. Foot-in-the-Door |
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Definition
Low-Ball: You committ to a great deal only to realize its not happening, and you end up accepting a much worse deal by comparison.
Foot-in-the-Door: You make a small request only to be followed by a much larger request. People accept to be consistent |
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Term
| Factors that Determine Helping |
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Definition
1)Noticing something is wrong
2)Deciding it's an emergency
3)Deciding one is personally responsible |
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Term
| Effect of Being Seen by Others |
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Definition
| Usually keep our eyes and ears down, we do not want to risk looking foolish in front of others, so we are less likely to help. We do not feel personally responsible |
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Term
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Definition
| In the face of ambiguity, we look for others to define our situations. We do not feel it is and emergency, unless other people act like it is |
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Term
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Definition
| When everyone in a group really thinks X is the case, but each person believes that everyone but them really believes Y, and so keeps their belief to themselves |
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