Term
|
Definition
| As defined by Durkheim, self annihilation that the person feels will serve a social purpose, such as the self-immolations practiced by Buddhist monks during the Vietnam War. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A subcortical structure of the temporal lobe involved in attention to emotionally salient stimuli and memory of emotionally relevant events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As defined by Durkheim, self annihilation triggered by a person's inability to cope with sudden and unfavorable change in a social sltuation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the subcortical region of the brain, the anterior portion of the cingulate gyrus, stretching about the corpus callosum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A person's relatively consistent approach to attribution; for example, the consistent attribution of negative life events to internal, stable, and global causes is thought to dispose to depression. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The explanation a person has for why an event or behavior has occurred. |
|
|
Term
| behavioral activation (BA) therapy |
|
Definition
| Clinical approach to depression that seeks to increase participation in positively reinforcing activities. |
|
|
Term
| behavioral marital therapy |
|
Definition
| Clinical approach to depression in which a couple works to improve communication and satisfaction; more likely to relieve marital distress than individual cognitlve therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A diagnosis defined on the basis of at least one lifetime episode of mania. Most people with this disorder also experience episodes of major depression. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A form of bipolar disorder, diagnosed
in those who have experienced at least one major depressive episode and at least one episode of hypomania. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Immobihty or excessive and peculiar
physical movements characterizing a subtype of episodes of MDD or mania. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tendencies to perceive events in a negative manner, for example, by attending to or remembering negative information more than positive information; hypothesized to be driven by underlying negative schemata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aimed at altering maladaptive thought patterns. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A "stress hormone" secreted by the adrenal cortices; helps the body prepare to face threats. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An endocrine disorder usually affecting young women, produced by oversecretion of cortisone and marked by mood swings, irritability, agtation, and physical disfigurement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of bipolar disorder characterized by swings between elation and depression over at least a 2-year period, but with moods not so severe as manic or major depressive episodes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Central nervous system neurotransmitter, a catecholamine that is also a precursor of norepinephrine and apparently figures in schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depressive symptoms that last for at least 2 years but do not meet criteria for the diagnosis of major depressive disorder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As defined by Durkheim, self annihilation committed because the individual feels extreme alienation from others and from society |
|
|
Term
| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
|
Definition
| A treatment that produces a convulsion by passing electric current through the brain; despite public concerns about thls treatment, it can be useful in alleviating profound depression. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A condition, such as major depressive
disorder, whose symptoms dissipate but that tends to recur. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hostility, critmsm, and emotional overinvolvement directed from other people toward the patient, usually within a family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Personality trait associated with frequent experiences of positive affect and social engagement. |
|
|
Term
| family-focused treatment (FFT) |
|
Definition
| With the goal of reducing the likelihood of relapse of bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, treatment that alms to educate the person's family about illness, enhance communication, and develop problem-solving skills. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A symptom of mania that involves a rapid shift in conversation from one subject to another with only superficial associative connections. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that serve to modulate activity within the postsynaptic cell, are implicated in mania and depression, and are possibly the intracellular target of lithium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the subcortical region of the brain, the long, tubelike structure that stretches from the septal area into the temporal lobe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cognitive theory of depression that began with learned helplessness theory, was modified to incorporate attributions, and has been modified again to emphasize hopelessness-an expectation that desirable outcomes will not occur, and that no available responses can change the situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The neuroendocrine connections among hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex, central to the body's response to stress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An extremely happy or irritable mood accompanied by symptoms like increased energy and decreased need for sleep, but without the significant functional impairment associated with mania. |
|
|
Term
| Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) |
|
Definition
| A short-term, here-and-now focused psychological treatment initially developed for depression and influenced by the psychodynamic emphasis on relationships. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Self-defeating assumptions that are assumed by rational-emotive therapists to underlie psychological distress. |
|
|
Term
| learned helplessness theory |
|
Definition
The theory of depression etiology
that individuals acquire passivity and a sense of being unable to act and to control their lives, through unpleasant experiences and traumas against which their efforts were ineffective. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A drug useful in treating both mania and depression in bipolar disorder |
|
|
Term
| major depressive disorder (MDD) |
|
Definition
A disorder of individuals who
have experienced episodes of depression but not of mania. Depression episodes are marked by sadness or loss of pleasure, accompanied by symptoms such as feelings of worthlessness and guilt, withdrawal from others, loss of sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and either lethargy or agitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intense elation or irritability, accompanied by symptoms such as excessive talkativeness, rapid thoughts, distractibility, grandiose plans, heightened activity, and insensitivity to the negative consequences of actions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Model in which mania is seen as a protection against a painful psychological state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Subtype of major depressive disorder in
which the individual is unable to feel better even momentarily when something good happens, regularly feels worse in the morning and awakens early, and suffers a deepening of other symptoms of depression. |
|
|
Term
| mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) |
|
Definition
Recent adaptation of cognitive therapy/restructuring that focuses
on relapse prevention after successful treatment for recurrent episodes of major depresaon; aims to "decenter" the
person's perspective in order to break the cycle between sadness and thinking patterns. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bipolar episodes characterized by severe symptoms of both mania and depression within the same week. |
|
|
Term
| monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors |
|
Definition
| A group of antidepressant drugs that prevent the enzyme monoamine oxidase from deactivating catecholamines and indolamines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disorders, such as depressive disorders or mania, in which there are disabling disturbances in emotion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Constellation of negative emotions that is elevated in both anxiety and depression. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In Beck's theory of depression, a person's negative views of the self, the world, and the future, in a reciprocal causal relationship with pessimistic assumptions (schemata) and cognitive biases such as selective abstraction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency to react to events with greater than average negative affect; a strong predictor of onset of anxiety disorders and depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A catecholamine neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, disturbances in the tracts of which apparently figure in depression and mania. It is also a sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter, a hormone released in addition to epinephrine and similar in action, and a strong vasoconstrictor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A constellation of particular positive emotions, such as excitement, that also reflect a general engagement with the environment; dampened in depression but not in anxiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Onset within 4 weeks postpartum, characterizing a subtype of episodes of MDD or mania. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The region of the frontal lobe of the brain that helps maintain an image of threats and rewards faced, as well as maintain focus and plan relevant to those threats and rewards. |
|
|
Term
| psychoeducational approaches |
|
Definition
| Especially with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, the component of treatment that helps people learn about symptoms, expected time course, triggers for symptoms, and treatment strategies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A profound sadness and unjustified feelings of unworthiness, which also include delusions; can refer to delusions or hallucinations characterizing a subtype of episodes of MDD or mania. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term applied to bipolar disorders if the person has experienced at least four episodes within the past year. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| System of brain structures whose modification may help explaln why people are less motivated to pursue rewards during depression and overly focused on possible rewards during mania |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mental structure for organizing information about the world. PI. schemata. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term applied by DSM-IV-TR to MDD or bipolar disorders if episodes happen regularly at a particular time of the year; therapy involves exposing patients to bright white light. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intracellular molecules whose levels are increased by sustained activity of neurotransmitter, for example, receptors, and which affect the resting states of ion channels or regulate gene expression of receptor molecules, thus modulating the cell's sensitinty to neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
| selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) |
|
Definition
| Any of various drugs that inhibit the presynaptic reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin, thereby prolonging its effects on postsynaptic neurons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An indoleamine neurotransmitter of the central nervous system whose disturbances apparently figure in depression. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behavior therapy procedures, such as modeling and behavior rehearsal, for teaching socially unknowledgeable individuals how to meet others, talk to them and maintain eye contact, give and receive criticism, offer and accept compliments, make requests and express feelings, and otherwise improve their relations with other people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sweaty palms, fast heart rate, etc.; expecied to increase in anxiety but not in depression. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The intentional taking of one's own life. |
|
|
Term
| suicide prevention centers |
|
Definition
Staffed primarily by paraprofessionals
who are trarned to be empathic and to encourage suicidal callers-assumed to be ambivalent-to consider nondestructive ways of dealing with what is bothering them. |
|
|
Term
| tricyclic antidepressants |
|
Definition
| A group of antidepressants with molecular structures characterized by three fused rings;interfere with the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amino acid that is the major precursor of serotonin, experimental depletion has found that a lowered serotonin level causes temporary depressive symptoms in people with a personal or family history of depression. |
|
|
