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Definition
| a subjective feeling that is mentally directed toward some object |
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when one's self is the object of an emotion e.g. pride, shame, guilt... |
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an emotion that is not directed at an object. free-flowing |
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| Robert Plutchik's eight primary emotions |
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Definition
joy, sorrow anger, fear acceptance, disgust surprise, expectancy |
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Term
peripheral changes in the body general |
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Definition
changes that happen outside of the brain, accompany (or caused by) many emotional states e.g. changes in heart rate, blood pressure, activation of certain glands, tension in particular muscles, facial expression |
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peripheral changes in the body William James (1890/1950) |
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Definition
James suggested that bodily reactions precede and cause emotions. Emotional feelings as sensations stemming from bodily changes. e.g. "Thus, his feeling of fear was his feeling of a quickened heart, shallow breathing, good-bumpy flesh, and trembling limbs." 215 |
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| Schachter's Cognition-Plus-Feedback Theory |
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Definition
- emotion depends on perceptions and thoughts about one's envoironment just as much as "sensory feedback" (James).
- environment influences the type of emotion felt, while sensory feedback determines the intensity.
- Adreneline/Placebo example with intensity of emotions 217. ??
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| Ekman and Facial Feedback |
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Definition
- Paul Ekman (1984)
- Sensory feedback from facial expressions contributes both to emotional feelings and to the production of the full-body reactions that accompany emotions.
- e.g. pencil in mouth experiment
- real emotions or "facial molding" were both followed by phisiological reactions. 218-219
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| Two main structures of the brain's emotional system |
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Definition
- amygdala
- prefrontal portion of the cerebral cortex
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| Two main structure of the brain's emotional systems |
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Definition
- amygdala- asseses the emotional significane of stimuli. 219-220
- prefrontal portion of the cerebral cortex- concious experience of emotion. 221.
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Term
habituation (infant development) |
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Definition
| a decline in interest of a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
- infant development
- latter half of the first year of life
- A baby looks at an adult's eyes and then looks in the direction of whre the adult is looking.
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- end of an infant's first year (the time they can crawl or walk freely on their own)
- look at caregivers' emotional expressions for clues about the possible danger of their own actions.
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Definition
| the principle that objects continue to exist when out of view |
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Term
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Definition
- Swiss developmental psychologist who studied infants reactions dealing with object permanence.
- "The Little Scientist"
- His tests included the:
- Hiding Problem- unsuccessful with babies under 5 mos.
- Changed-Hiding Place Problem- unsuccesful with infants 6-9 mos.
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Term
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Definition
- a new addition to an infant's environment
- used to study infany perception and memory
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Term
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Definition
mental blueprints for action in child development |
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the process by which new experiences are incorporated into existing schemes |
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when existing schemes expand or change to accomodate a new object or event (this process is usually required during assimilation) |
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| Piaget's Four-Stages of Development |
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Definition
- Sensorimotor Stage: (birth-2 years) Acting on objects that are present, but not thinking about objects that are absent.
- Preoperational Stage: (2-7 years) Having a well-developed ability to symbolize objects and events that are absent. Imagination (?).
- Concrte Operational Stage: (7-12 years) Permit children to think about the reversible consequences of actions and thereby provide the basis for understanding physical principles such as conservation of substance and cause and effect. (would pass the juice and various glass size test.)
- Formal Operational Stage: (12-Adult) Similar operations can be porformed on different entities. Use of formal operational schemes that permit a person to think theoretically and apply principles to actions.
*Stages gone through sequentially, no skipping around. Only in the case of brain-damage would a person regress to a previous stage. |
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Term
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Definition
Social Development Thoery of Learning - The Apprentice
- Culture is the prime determinent of human development.
- emphasized child's interactions with social environment instead of physical environment
- argued that language is the foundation for the development of higher human thought. (Language is learned as a communication tool and adapted as symbols for "verbal"? communication)
- 4-6 year olds talking to themselves is a transition stage in the development of verbal thought. Leads to inner thought around age 7.
- Vygotsky's thoery would also show a gap between different societies.
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Term
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Definition
- Unable to explain thinking variability within children
- children are more cognitively competant
- Cognition also shaped by other adults and peers
- His thory is descriptive, but the mechanisms aren't addressed.
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Term
| Zone of Proximial Development |
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Definition
Vygotsky - Gap between what children can do alone and what they can do with assistance.
- Logical path of development.
(What is known, "Learning" diagram.) - Adults use "Scaffolding" to help make tasks more managable for children to complete.
- Critical thinking derives from social dialogue.
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Term
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Definition
| memories that people can conciously think about and report to others. |
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Definition
memories that affect behavior even though the person is unable to report them (e.g. procedural memories, how to ride a bike, etc.) shown by early infancy |
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Definition
explicit memories for facts, beliefs, and word meanings (10-12 mos.) |
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Definition
memories for specific events in one's life. (20-24 mos.) |
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Definition
- The understanding that people have mental states, (e.g. desires, intentions, beliefs), that guide their behaviors.
- These states are not always accessible to others.
- Between 3-4 years, children develop the ability to differenciate between the private self & public self. (Sticker example?) (False beliefs, and barbie/shoe/cookie example?)
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Term
| Basic Language Development |
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Definition
Language Comprehension- understanding what others say. Language Production- speaking, signing, or writing to others Comprehension → Production |
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Term
| Building Blocks of Language |
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Definition
- Phonemes- elementary units of sound (consonant or vowel sounds)
- Morphemes- smallest meaningful units of language composed of one or more phonemes (pronouncable words or pre/suffixes)
- Syntactic Development- learning about syntax of a given language (grammar)
- Pragmatic Development- understanding how language is used
- Exposure
- Critical Periods-Before age 10 or 11 is the best and necessary time to acquire a language. (Genie, "wild child")
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| Early Perception of Speech Sounds |
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Definition
- Categorical Perception- "ba" v. "pa", infants lose this ability to differenciate certain sounds as they grow older.
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Term
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Definition
- Babbling- precursor of speech
- Interaction- turn taking, Intersubjectivity (referencing objects being talked about), Joint attention (eyes)
- Words- recognition, reference, prodution (1yr), productive vocabulary
- Word Learning- Vocabulary EXPLOSION! (18 mos), naming, fast mapping?
- Grammar- internalized grammar rules (18-24 mos), overgeneralization with word endings
- Conversaiton- **Info on seperate card.
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Term
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Definition
Young Children - Collective monologues, little connection between conversation partners.
- "turn taking", but little else
21-36 Mos. - Begin to stay on topic with adults (not with peers)
- Dialogue w/ MKO's cevessary to help children form episodic memories?
5 years - Narratives and stories of past events.
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Term
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Definition
"Chomsky emphasized the hierarchical structure of sentences. He convincingly that a person must have some meaningful representation of the whole sentence in mind vefore uttering it and then must apply grammatical rules to that representation in order ro fill out the lower levels of the hierarchy (phrases, morphemes, and phonemes) to produce the utterance" (414). - Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
- Language is complex and requires abstract, unconcious rules (universal grammar)
- Minimal input needed to acquire language early.
- Acquisition occurs if children are exposed early
- Spontaneous development of grammar rules by deaf children
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Term
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Definition
- Biological basis for foming attachments to others as infants (dependence on others for food, protection, caregiving)
- Initially adaptive, shaped by the environment (behavioral styles help maintain proximity to primary attachment figure)
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Term
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Definition
Mary Ainsworth Replicates 2 danger cues in the EEA(?) - Being left alone
- Exposure to a stranger
Behaviors - Proximity-Seeking
- Contact Maintenance
- Avoidance
- Resistance
Limitations - Addresses fear-induced attachment, but fails to capture "harmonious caregiver-child interactions"
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Term
Strange Situation B Babies |
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Definition
Secure - Show signs of missing the parent on departure
- Seeks proximity upon reunion, returns to play
- Maternal sensitivity to infant signals and communications
- 60% of sample.
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Strange Situation A Babies
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Definition
Avoidant - Show few or no signs of missing the parent
- Actively ignores and avoids her upon reunion
- Maternal insensitivity and rejection of attachment behavior
- 20% of sample
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Strange Situation C Babies |
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Definition
Resistant - Distressed and highly focused on parent
- Cannot be settled by parent upon reunion
- Expresses anger and seeks contact in quick succession, generally failing to return to play.
- Maternal insensitivity and unpredictability of maternal responsiveness
- 10-15% of sample
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Term
Strange Situation D Babies |
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Definition
(Disorganized/Disoriented) - Highly insecure
- Not an "organized" pattern of attachment
- Children unable to effectively meet their attachment needs (approach of avoid?)
- Typically given a secondary classification of A,B, or C
- Caregivers have typically suffered trauma, abuse, or unresolved loss
- 5% of children
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Term
Asocial Phase Developing Attachments |
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Definition
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Indiscriminate Attachments Developing Attachment |
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Definition
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Specific Attachments Developing Attachments |
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Definition
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Multiple Attachments Developing Attachments |
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Definition
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Secure Classification Maternal Care |
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Definition
- Prompt responsiveness to distress
- Moderate, appropriate stimulation
- Warmth, involvement, responsiveness
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Insecure Classification Maternal Care |
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Definition
- Unresponsive, underinvolved, or rejecting approach
- Intrusive, excessively stimulating, controlling interaction styles
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Term
| The Internal Working Model |
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Definition
- Child uses to help anticipate and make future plan. (How do I get closer to Mom?)
- A rough and ready mental sketch of the environment and self
- (A part of the attachment behavioral system)
- Contains info about attachment figures.
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Term
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Definition
- DOES directly affect the development of the attachment bond
- DOESN'T directly influence the quality of the attachment bond
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Definition
- Her studies focused on mothers with temeramentally irritable infants
- Designed to help Mom react "appropriately" to infant signals.
- The Experimental intervention increased matermal sensitivity
- Fewer insecure infants in the Strange Situation in the experimental group.
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