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Psych 125
Exam 1
58
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
09/28/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
1. Cognitive psychology is best characterized as the study of:
A) the physiological mechanisms in the brain and elsewhere that mediate behavior and psychological experiences.
B) how various forms of mental information guide behavior and experience.
C) the various mental and/or emotional disorders that trouble people.
D)
the manner in which changes in behavior are directly related to changes in the environment.
Definition
page 13
Term

2. Darwin's concept of natural selection is most important for psychologists interested in the _____ of behavior.
A) functions
B) structure
C) limitations
D) variation
Definition
C. Limitations (?)
Term
3.
A(n) _____ is a model used to explain observations and make predictions, whereas a(n) _____ is a prediction that can be tested to determine its accuracy.
A)
fact; theory
B)
theory; fact
C)
theory; hypothesis
D)
hypothesis; theory
Definition
C. theory; hypothesis
Term
4.
A researcher has two groups of subjects, one that has been taught a memory aid and one that has not. Both groups are asked to learn a list of 20 nouns in two minutes, and both are then given a recall test. What is the independent variable?
A)
the number of words
B)
the subjects' scores on the recall test
C)
whether or not the subjects have been taught the memory aid
D)
the amount of time subjects took to complete the recall test
Definition
C. whether or not the subjects have been taught the memory aid.
Term
5.
How can an experiment allow a researcher to demonstrate a cause-effect relationship between two variables?
A)
Experiments allow researchers to investigate natural relationships between two or more variables without having to actually manipulate the variables themselves.
B)
If other variables are kept constant and only the independent variable is changed, a researcher can conclude that change in the dependent variable is caused by change in the independent variable.
C)
Researchers are able to apply different conditions of the dependent variable to each subject or groups of subjects, thus observing what effects this produces.
D)
Uh-oh, trick question: Cause-effect relationships involving human behavior can never be shown because of the wide differences among individuals and even among the same individuals in different situations.
Definition
C.
Term
6.
Researchers found a positive correlation between television violence and levels of cortisol, a stress hormone. According to this finding, people who watch more television violence tend to have _____ levels of cortisol than those who watch less.
A)
higher
B)
lower
C)
neither higher nor lower
D)
healthier
Definition
A. higher
Term
7.
As a sort of shorthand, people speak of genes “for” artistic ability or other behavioral traits. What this shorthand means, but leaves unsaid, is that:
A)
genes produce the trait only insofar as they contribute to the underlying physiology.
B)
genes create the behavior directly.
C)
inherited behavioral traits confer some survival advantage on the species.
D)
the manifestation of the trait is unaffected by environment.
Definition
A.
Term
8.
A gene that produces its observable effects in either the homozygous or the heterozygous condition is:
A)
regressive.
B)
recessive.
C)
dominant.
D)
monozygotic.
Definition
C. dominant
Term
9.
The process of evolution:
A)
produces species that are better adapted to their current environment.
B)
prepares species for future conditions.
C)
leads species toward the highest form of existence they can attain.
D)
leads species toward that which is good and natural for them.
Definition
C. leads species toward the highest form of existence they can attain. (?)
Term
10.
Which of the following statements is not consistent with Trivers's theory of parental investment?
A)
Whichever sex makes the greater parental investment will be more competed for by members of the opposite sex.
B)
Whichever sex makes the greater parental investment will exert the greater discrimination in choosing mates.
C)
When the two sexes are approximately equal in parental investment, their degree of competition for mates will also be approximately equal.
D)
Whichever sex makes the greater parental investment is the one more likely to have multiple mates.
Definition
D. Whichever sex makes the greater parental investment is the one more likely to have multiple mates.

This statement is false.
Term
11.
The kin selection theory of altruism is designed to explain:
A)
the role that learning plays in the development of altruism.
B)
how apparent acts of altruism can be consistent with the principle of evolution by natural selection.
C)
why highly aggressive animals are more likely to show altruism than are less aggressive animals.
D)
why highly aggressive animals are less likely to show altruism than are less aggressive animals.
Definition
B. How apparent acts of altruism can be consistent with the principle of evolution by natural selection.
Term
12.
The function of sensory neurons is to:
A)
organize and integrate information in the central nervous system.
B)
carry information to the central nervous system.
C)
transmit messages between motor neurons.
D)
transmit messages from motor neurons to interneurons.
Definition
B. carry information to the central nervous system.
Term
13.
In which part of the neuron does the action potential take place?
A)
the dendrites
B)
the axon
C)
the cell nucleus
D)
all of the above
Definition
B. Axon
Term
14.
The division of the nervous system that carries neural commands directly to the muscles that produce observable body movements is the:
A)
central motor system.
B)
skeletal motor system.
C)
autonomic nervous system.
D)
parasympathetic system.
Definition
B. Skeletal
Term
15.
Talita is anxious about skydiving for the first time. As she waits her turn to jump, her heart races and she has a surge of energy. Clearly, the _____ division of her autonomic nervous system is active.
A)
skeletal
B)
parasympathetic
C)
peripheral
D)
sympathetic
Definition
D. Sympathetic
Term

16.
After being hit in the back of the head with a lacrosse stick, Geoff began having problems with his vision. Which of the following lobes of the brain was most likely damaged?
A)
occipital
B)
temporal
C)
frontal
D)
parietal
Definition
A. Occipital
Term

17.
In general, one can determine whether an animal is experiencing a particular motivational state by:
A)
directly observing the motivational state.
B)
inferring the motivational state from the animal's behavior.
C)
directly measuring what is happening in neurons.
D)
doing all of the above.
Definition
Term
18.
Nick feels dehydrated after running a marathon. He sees a Gatorade stand just past the finish line and heads straight for it. The internal motivational state that orients Nick to the Gatorade stand is thirst. The Gatorade itself represents a(n):
A)
regulatory drive.
B)
motivation.
Definition
Term
regulatory drive
Definition
a drive that helps preserve homeostasis (maintaining internal conditions of the body.)
Term
motivation
Definition
factors that cause an individual to behave in a particular way at a particular time.
Term
occipital lobe
Definition
visual information
Term
temporal lobe
Definition
auditory
Term
frontal lobe
Definition
muscle movements, judgement
Term
parietal lobe
Definition
bodily senses.
Term
skeletal
Definition
muscles that produce observable movements.
Term
parasympathetic
Definition
regenerative, growth-promoting, and energy-conserving functions
Term
sympathetic division
Definition
Motor System

responds to stressful stimulation "fight or flight"
Term
peripheral nervous system
Definition
set of nerves which connect the central nervous system to the bodies sensory organs.
Term
central nervous system
Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term
autonomic nervous system
Definition
Motor System

visceral muscles (not attached to bones) and glands
Term
visceral muscles
Definition
muscles not attached to bones so they do not move the skeleton
Term
action potential
Definition
wave of change in the electrical charge across the axon membrane, which moves rapidly from one end of the axon to the other.
Term
dendrites
Definition
receive input to the neuron.
Term
axon
Definition
carry messages to other neurons
Term
sensory neurons
Definition
carry information from sensory organs through nerves to the central nervous system.
Term
motor neurons
Definition
carry messages out from CNS to operate muscles and glands.
Term
interneurons
Definition
within the CNS to carry messages from one set of neurons to another.
Term
kin selection theory
Definition
altruistic behavior towards someone because they share your genes.
Term
reciprocity theory
Definition
altruistic towards someone because you would like them to do the same for you.

GOLDEN RULE
Term
altruism
Definition
helping someone while decreasing one's own survival chance.
Term
Trivers' theory of parental investment
Definition
"In general, for species in which parental investment is unequal, the more parentally invested sex will (a) be more vigorously competed for than the other and (b) be more discriminating than the other when choosing mates.
Term
homozygous condition
Definition
pair of identical chromosomes
Term
heterozygous condition
Definition
non-identical chromosomes
Term
dominant gene
Definition
one that will produce its observable effects in either the homozygous or the heterozygous condition.
Term
recessive gene
Definition
one that will produce its observable effects in the homozygous condition only.
Term
monozygotic
Definition
identical
Term
independent variable
Definition
cause an effect on another variable.

Time is always an independent variable.
Term
dependent variable
Definition
variable that will be affected.
Term
Empiricism
Definition
our knowledge is based on the environment around us.
Term
Nativism
Definition
We are born with innate knowledge.
Term
Observational Method
Definition
-self report
-observation without interaction
-reliance on archived evidence

**Limits: some behaviors are difficult to observe. Archival evidence may not have the info that you need.

Description, but no prediction.
Term
Correlational Method
Definition
mathematical association between two variables.

CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL CAUSATION

e.g. height&weight
Term
Genotype
Definition
the genetic makeup of an individual.  Genotype can refer to an organism's entire genetic makeup or the alleles at a particular locus.
Term
phenotype
Definition
the observable or detectable characteristics of an individual organism--the detectable expression of a genotype.
Term
Heritability Coefficient
Definition
variability due to genetic rather than environmental differences.
Term
Life Tasks (3)
Definition
1. Surviving Infancy
2. Finding a mate/reproducing
3. Parenting Offspring
Term
frontal lobe
Definition
decision making, memory, personality
Term
cerebral cortex
Definition
higher mental processes and problem-solving

(includes frontal lobe, occipital, temporal, parietal)
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