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Definition
| is the part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; it is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives, ignores consequences and logistics. Libido drive to gratify basic biological needs |
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Definition
| the component of personality, developed through contact with the external world, that enables us to deal with life’s practical demands. The referee between the id and the world. |
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| the mental system that reflects the internalization of culture rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority. |
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| The first psychosexual stage, in which experience centers on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking, and being fed. |
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Definition
| The second psychosexual stage, which is dominated by the pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus, retention and expulsions of feces and urine, and toilet training. |
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Definition
| The third psychosexual stage, during which experience is dominated by the pleasure, conflict, and frustration associated with the phallic-genital region as well as powerful incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealousy, and conflict. |
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Definition
| A developmental experience in which a child’s conflicting feelings toward the opposite-sex parent is (usually) resolved by identifying with the same-sex parent |
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Definition
| The fourth psychosexual stage, in which the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills. |
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Definition
| Is the time for the coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity to love, work, and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner. |
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Definition
| DM that involves shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or less threatening alternative. |
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Definition
| DM that involves attributing one’s own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses to another person or group. |
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Definition
| DM that involves channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities. |
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Definition
| DM that involves unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of their opposite. |
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Term
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Definition
| “Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory”, a well-researched, clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems. |
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Term
| Rogers' unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
| An attitude of nonjudgmental acceptance toward another person. |
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Term
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Definition
| (+) imaginative, variety, independent |
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Definition
| (+) organized, careful, self-disciplined |
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Definition
| (+) social, fun loving, affectionate |
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| (+) softhearted, trusting, helpful |
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Definition
| (+) worried, insecure, self-pitying |
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Term
| Person-situation controversy |
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Definition
| focuses on the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors. |
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Definition
| a person‘s tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person’s explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviors, traits, and other personal characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| Shows that people tend to take credit for their successes but down-play responsibility for their failures. |
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Term
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Definition
| a grandiose view of the self combined with a tendency to seek admiration from exploit others |
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Term
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Definition
| a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress. |
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Term
| generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| GAD, chronic excessive worry is accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance. |
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Definition
| A disorder characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror. |
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Term
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Definition
| disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function. |
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Definition
| A disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed. |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which normal cognitive processes are severely disjointed and fragmented, creating significant disruptions in memory, awareness, or personality that can vary in length from a matter of minutes to many years. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dissociative amnesia is the sudden loss of memory for significant personal information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dissociative fugue is the sudden loss of memory for one’s personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumption of a new identity. |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder characterized by a severely depressed mood that lasts 2 weeks or more and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbances. |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder that involves the same symptoms as in depression only less severe, but the symptoms last longer, persisting for at least 2 years. Double depression a moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression. |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (their own fault), stable (unlikely to change), and global (widespread). |
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Term
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Definition
| dopamine hypothesis is the idea that schizophrenics involves an excess of dopamine activity |
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Term
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Definition
| are disorders characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning. |
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Definition
| a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. |
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Definition
| An event that occurs in psychoanalysis when the analyst begins to assume a major significance in the client’s life and the client reacts to the analyst based on unconscious childhood fantasies. |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment that draws on techniques from different forms of therapy, depending on the client and the problem |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of therapy that assumes that disordered behavior is learned and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of behavior therapy that uses positive punishment to reduce the frequency of an undesirable behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of psychotherapy that involves helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others, or the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| A therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs. |
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Term
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Definition
| An approach to therapy that assumes all individuals have a tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist. |
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Term
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Definition
| An existentialist approach to treatment with the goal of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviors, experiences, and feelings and to “own” or take responsibility for them. |
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Term
| transcranial magnetic stimulation |
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Definition
| A treatment that involves placing a powerful pulsed magnet over a person's scalp, which alters neuronal activity in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| an inert substance or procedure that has been applied with the expectation that a healing response will be produced |
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Term
| Frustration-aggression hypothesis |
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Definition
| a principle stating that people aggress when their goals are thwarted |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it |
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Term
| Informational: Sherif’s group conformity |
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Definition
| informational influence is a phenomenon whereby a person’s behavior is influenced by another person’s behavior because the latter provides information about what is good or true. |
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Term
| Normative: Asch's group conformity |
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Definition
| normative influence is a phenomenon whereby one person’s behavior is influenced by another person’s behavior because the latter provides information about what is appropriate. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for people to expend less effort when in a group than alone |
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Term
| Door in the face technique |
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Definition
| A strategy that uses reciprocating concessions to influence behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A strategy that uses a person's desire for consistency to influence that person's behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Customary standards for behavior that are widely shared by members of a culture. |
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Term
| individualism vs. collectivism |
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Definition
| individualism is a cultural orientation in which personal goals and preferences take priority over group allegiances. Collectivism is a cultural orientation in which cooperation and group harmony take priority over purely personal goals. |
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Term
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Definition
| implicit associates test: measures automatic associations between stimuli, requires fast responses. |
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Term
| realistic conflict theory |
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Definition
| prejudices stem from competition for resources |
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Term
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Definition
| discrimination against outgroups enhances self-esteem |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values. |
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Term
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Definition
| fast, little effort. Often used when cognitive resources are unavailable. Opposite is controlled processing. |
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Term
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Definition
| social cognition is the processes by which people come to understand others. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong. |
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Term
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Definition
| The set of psychological disorders in which the person displays physical symptoms not fully explained by a general medical condition |
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Term
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Definition
| A psychological disorder in which a person is preoccupied with minor symptoms and develops an exaggerated belief that the symptoms signify a life-threatening illness. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder characterized by apparently debilitating physical symptoms that appear to be voluntary - but that the person experiences as involuntary. |
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Term
| psychoanalytic (psychodynamic) |
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Definition
| A general approach to treatment that explores childhood events and encourages individuals to develop insight into their psychological problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for a group's initial learning to get stronger over time |
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Term
| Diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
| The tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way. |
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Term
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Definition
| norm of reciprocity is the norm that people should benefit those who have benefited them. |
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