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Definition
| Retention of information over time |
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| False but subjectively compelling memory (Think of the "sweet" experiment in class) |
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| A memory in which we see ourselves as an outside observer would. Observer memories provide an existence proof that at least some of our memories are reconstructive. |
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| Seeing the world through your visual field. |
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| How much information each system can hold |
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| Over how long a period of time that system can hold information |
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| Brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short-term memory. |
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| Type of sensory memory that applies to vision. Can last 1-3 seconds. |
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| "Photographic memory" Some psychologists believe that eidetic memory reflects an unusually long persistence of iconic memory in some fortunate people. |
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| Auditory sensory memory. Can last 5-10 seconds. |
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| Memory system that retains information for limited durations. |
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| Fading of information from memory over time. |
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| Loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information |
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Definition
Interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information.
Example: You know Spanish, but then you decide to learn Italian. Now you accidentally use Italian words (new) for Spanish words (old) |
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Interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning of information.
Example: Having difficulty learning how to play racquetball because you play tennis and the racquets are different sizes. |
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Term
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Definition
| 7 plus/minus 2 - the span of short-term memory according to George Miller |
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Definition
Organizing information into meaningful groups, allowing us to extend the span of short-term memory.
USAFBICIANBCJFK |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
Repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short-term memory.
When repeat phone numbers over and over to ourselves. |
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Term
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Definition
Linking stimuli to each other in meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory.
Linking two random words with each other by thinking of some absurd drawing where they're together. Dog-Shoe in book. |
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Term
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Definition
Depth of transforming information, which influences how easily we remember it.
3 levels:
Visual
Phonological
Semantic |
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Term
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Definition
| Relatively enduring (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills. |
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| Type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent |
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Definition
| Tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well |
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| Tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well. |
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| Graph depicting both primacy and recency effects on people's ability to recall items on a list. |
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Definition
| Memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness |
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Definition
| Our knowledge of facts about the world |
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Definition
Recollection of events in our life
Where did you celebrate your last birthday?
How old were you when you lost your first tooth? |
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Definition
| Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously |
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Memory for how to do things, includes motor skills and habits
Riding a bicycle, opening a soda can, tying our shoes |
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Term
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Definition
Our ability to quickly identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we've encountered similar stimuli.
Stem completion task. Students are flashed word QUEEN quickly (they don't notcie) then asked to fill in blank after K___ , more likely to put KING even though they don't remember seeing QUEEN. |
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Term
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Definition
| Encoding, storage, retrieval |
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| Refers to the process of getting information into our memory banks |
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Definition
| S learning aid , strategy, or device that enhances recall |
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Definition
| refers to the process of keeping information in memory |
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Definition
| Organized knowledge structure or mental model that we've stored in our memory |
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Definition
| Reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stages |
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| Hint that makes it easier for us to recall information |
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Definition
| Generating previously remembered information |
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| Selecting previously remembered information from an array of options |
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| Reacquiring knowledge that we'd previously learned but largely forgotten over time |
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Term
| Distributed Versus Mass Practice |
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Definition
| Studying information in small increments over time (distributed) versus in large increments over a brief amount of time (massed) |
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| Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon |
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Definition
| Experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it |
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Definition
| Phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it. |
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Term
| Context-Dependent Learning |
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Definition
Superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories match the retrieval context.
Think Scuba experiment |
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Term
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Definition
Superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding
Think alcoholic study |
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Term
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Definition
| Gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation. |
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Definition
| Loss of memories from our past |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to encode new memories from our experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| Amygdala helps us recall the emotions associated with fear-provoking events and the hippocampus helps us to recall the events themselves. |
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Term
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Definition
Knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations
The younger kid who thinks they can remember all 10 pictures versus the teenager who estimates they'll remember less |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability of adults to remember personal experiences that took place before any age. |
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Term
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Definition
| Emotional memories that are extraordinarily vivid and detailed. |
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Term
| Source Monitoring Confusion |
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Definition
| Lack of clarity about the origin of a memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Failure to recognize that our ideas originated with someone else |
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Term
| Suggestive Memory Technique |
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Definition
| Procedure that encourages patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place. |
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Term
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Definition
Creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place
Cars and the language used |
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Term
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Definition
Suggestibility- Misleading information following events, leading questions, and explicit information and suggestions can increase the chances of our believing fictitious events occurred
Misattribution- Assigning memories to incorrect sources, mistaking what we imagined for real (read or heard too)
Bias- Our schemas can bias our memories. (Stereotypes)
Transience- Memories fade over time
Persistence- Memories that linger even if we don't want them to (thinking of embarrassing moments)
Blocking- Temporary inability to access information
Absentmindedness- Randomly just forgetting, can stem from a failure either to encode memories because we're not paying attention or to retrieve memories we've already stored. |
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Definition
| Largely arbitrary system of communication that combines symbols (such as words or gestural signs)in rule-based ways to create meaning. |
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Definition
| Category of sounds our vocal apparatus produces |
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Definition
| Smallest meaningful unit of speech |
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Definition
| Grammatical rules that govern how words are composed into meaningful strings |
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| Extralinguistic Information |
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Definition
| Elements of communication that aren't part of the content of language but are critical to interpreting its meaning. |
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Definition
| Meaning derived from words and sentences |
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| Language variation used by a group of people who share geographic proximity or ethnic background. |
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Definition
| Intentional vocalization that lacks specific meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| Early period of language development when children use single-word phrases to convey an entire thought. |
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Definition
| Language developed by members of a deaf community that uses visual rather than auditory communication |
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Term
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Definition
| Proficient and fluent at speaking and comprehending two distinct languages. |
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Definition
| Awareness of how language is structured and used |
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Definition
| System of signs invented by deaf children of hearing parents who receive no language input |
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Term
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Definition
Claims that children learn language by hearing it used in systematic ways and learn to use language as adults use it.
Problem: Language is generative |
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Term
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Definition
| Allowing an infinite number of unique sentences to be created by combining words in novel ways |
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Term
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Definition
Account of language acquisition that suggests children are born with some basic knowledge of how language works
Problem: Many of its claims are hard to falsify |
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Term
| Language Acquisition Device |
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Definition
| Hypothetical organ in the brain in which nativists believe knowledge of syntax resides |
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Term
| The Social Pragmatics Account |
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Definition
Account of language acquisition that proposes children infer what words and sentences mean from context and social interactions.
Problem:We can explain most social pragmatic abilities without requiring as much insight on the part of the child, there are deductions (such as pointing to a specific object that don't) that do not require children to take into account the social context or communicative intentions of others. |
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Term
| The General Cognitive Processing Account |
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Definition
Children's ability to learn language results from general skills that children apply across a variety of activities. ex- children's ability to perceive, learn, and recognize patterns may be all they need to learn language.
Problem: Children are better at learning languages than adults are.Specific areas of the brain (especially left temporal lobe) are more active in language processing than in other types of learning. Implies that there is ar least some distinct cognitive processes that occur during language as opposed to other cognitive activities |
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Term
| Limits on Teaching Human Language to Nonhuman Animals |
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Definition
1- Require thousands of trials to learn to associate signs or lexigrams with their meanings.
2-Attempts to communicate seem to be requests for food or other pleasurable activities, like being tickled or chased |
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Term
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Definition
View that all thought is represented verbally and that, as a result, our language defines our thinking.
ex- Helen Keller example of how she had no sense of self and she didn't know anything until she was taught a language.
Problems:
falsifiability- The experimenters who took curare and were paralyzed but were still able to think. Didn't entirely rule out linguistic determinism.
However... children can perform many cognitive tasks long before they can talk about them. |
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Term
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Definition
View that characteristics of language shape our thought process
ex- recalling events that happened in Russia more accurately when speaking Russian and recalling events that happened in the US more accurately when speaking English.
ex against- color thought, we can still detect different colors even though some languages my not have names for those different colors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Demonstrates that reading is automatic. (The exercise with the colors & names) |
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Term
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Definition
1- Realize that writing is meaningful
2- Understand that writing moves in a certain direction
3- Learn to recognize the letters of the alphabet
4- Learn that printed letters correspond to specific sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| Reading strategy that involves identifying common words based on their appearance without having to sound them out |
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Term
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Definition
| Reading strategy that involves sounding out words by drawing correspondences between printed letters and sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| Increasing our reading speed can increase our comprehension as long as we stay under 400 words per minute. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any mental activity or processing of information, including learning, perceiving, communicating, believing, and deciding |
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Definition
| Mental shortcuts that can increase our thinking efficiency. |
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Definition
| Allows us to simplify what we attend to and keep the information we need for decision making to a manageable minimum. |
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Definition
| Our knowledge and ideas about a set of objects, actions, and or characteristics that share core properties |
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Definition
| The process of selecting among a set of possible alternatives |
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Definition
| The way a question is formulate which can influence the decisions people make |
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Definition
| Generating a cognitive strategy to accomplish a goal |
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Definition
| Step-by-step learned procedure used to solve a problem |
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Term
| Obstacle to Problem Solving |
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Definition
-Salience of surface similarities: We tend to notice the surface-level properties of a problem and try to solve problems in the same way we solved problems that exhibited similar surface characteristics
-Mental Sets: Phenomenon of becoming stuck in a specific problem-solving strategy, inhibiting our ability to generate alternatives.
-Functional fixedness: Difficulty conceptualizing that an object typically used for one purpose can be used for another |
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