Term
| Why is psychology challenging |
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Definition
-framing
-"natural" behavior
-individual differences
-good v. Bad science
-definitions and measurement
-isolated behavior
-causation v. Correlation
-"placebo effect"expectation
- methodology (ie. What constitutes a flirt)
-culture |
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Definition
William Wundt 1879
Sensation & perception |
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Term
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Definition
Basic elements of psych.
Consistent observation across individuals
Based on introspection |
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Term
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Definition
William James
WHY NOT WHAT
Inference, evolution |
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Term
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Definition
Skinner & Watson
Solely on behavior, objective observation
Reward and punishment
The mind is a black box theory |
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Term
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Definition
| The mind is a black box we can look into it .. Our mind is not suitable for objectivity |
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Term
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Definition
Freud
Emotional impulse of drive desire and need
Subconscious of thought and feeling from early experiences |
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Term
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Definition
Carl Rogers
Less in the past we use more current context
Emphasized human beings are naturally good |
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Term
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Definition
Open behaviorism's blackbox
-connects behavior & thought rigorously
-changes occur without reward & punishment bc of interpretation ie. Spanking as reward or punishment |
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Term
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Definition
Social
Behavioral
Mental
Neurological/physiological
Neurochemical: neurotransmitters
Molecular |
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Term
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Definition
| Theories generate predictions and hypotheses but you cannot test |
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Term
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Definition
| To avoid must use disconfirmatory strategies oppose to continually confirming |
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Term
| Ways to recognize pseudoscience |
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Definition
Word "proof, prove"
Not peer reviewed
No control
Informal "psychobabble" |
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Term
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Definition
Clinical
Counseling
School
Developmental
Experimental
Biological
Forensic
Industrial organizational |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Why we need science to study mind, brain, and behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| 6 Critical thinking principles |
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Definition
Falsifiability
Extraordinary evidence
Replicability
Ruling out rival hypotheses
Occams razor: simplest to complex ;parsimony
Correlation = causation |
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Term
| Ways that science can be misconstrued in the media |
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Definition
Faulty inferences
Sharpening &leveling
False experts
Pseudo symmetry |
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Term
| Concern in research design |
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Definition
Placebo effect
Demand characteristics
Random sampling
Validity of measures
Reliability of measures; consistency of measures |
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Term
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Definition
Characterizing what we found
Mode mean median
Dispersion |
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Term
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Definition
Is the correlation meaningful
Calculating the probability of the outcome
Rejecting null hypothesis
Must be 95% confident this wasn't by chance alone |
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Term
| Anatomy of a research article |
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Definition
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References |
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Term
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Definition
Benefits must outweigh the risk (society not individual)
Cost/benefit analysis by IRB |
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Term
| Institutional research board (IRB) |
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Definition
Assess risk/benefit
Handles "adverse incidents"
Do not critique the science
Created informed consent before the experiment
And debriefing after
Deidentifying allows no one to trace an individual to their data never give individual feedback |
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Term
| Representativeness heuristic |
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Definition
Like goes with like heuristic
Judge the probability of an event occurring based on superficial similarity |
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Term
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Definition
| How common a characteristic is |
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Term
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Definition
Estimating an occurrence based on the ease it comes to mind
ie: higher murder rate in Detroit than Michigan |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to overestimate how Well we could have successfully met known outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct predictions |
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