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Outermost part of forebrain, responsible for analyzing sensor processing and higher brain function.
Includes: Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital Lobe |
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| Performs executive functions that coordinate other brain areas, responsible for motor function, language, memory, and planning |
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| Processes touch information, integrates vision and touch |
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| Processes visual information |
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| Control movement and motor planning |
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Emotional center of the brain that also plays roles in smell, motivation, and memory
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Hippocampus |
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| conveys sensory information; gateway from the sense organs to the primary sensory cortex |
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| Part of the brain responsible for maintaining a constant internal state; Oversees endocrine and autonomic nervous system |
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| Regulates arousal, fear, excitement |
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| Processes memory for spatial locations |
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| Controls balance and coordinated movement(at base of brain under occipital lobe) |
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| Tracks visual stimuli and reflexes triggered by sound |
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| Conveys information (connects) between the cortex and cerebellum |
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| Part of brain stem involved in basic functions. Regulates breathing and heartbeats |
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| Thick bundle of nerves that convey information between the brain and the rest of the body. |
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| Pockets in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which provide the brain with nutrients and cushion against injury |
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| Forward part of the brain that allows advanced intellectual abilities. |
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| Two halves of the cerebral cortex, each of which serve distinct yet highly integrated functions |
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| Large band of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres |
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| Part of frontal lobe responsible for body movement. |
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| Separates the frontal lobe from the rest of the cortex. |
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| Part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning and language |
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| Language area in the prefrontal cortex that helps to control speech production |
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| Region of parietal lobe lying right behind the central sulcus. Sensitive to touch including pressure, pain, and temperature. |
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| The prime site of hearing, understanding language, and storing memories of our past. |
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| Located at top of temporal lob, devoted to hearing |
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| Part of temporal lobe involved in understanding speech. (Includes both temporal and lower parietal) |
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| Regions of the cerebral cortex that initially process information from the sense |
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| Regions of the cerebral cortex that integrate simpler functions to perform more complex functions |
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| Structures in the forebrain that help to control movement |
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| Reticular Activation System |
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| Connects the forebrain and cerebral cortex; brain area plays a key role in arousal. When you deactivate RAS could instantly fall asleep, damage to RAS can result in coma. |
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| Neuron that sends messages to other neurons nearbye |
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| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Nerves in the body that extend outside the central nervous system. (CNS)
Split into 2 branches:
-Somatic
-Autonomic |
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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| Part of nervous system containing brain and spinal cord that controls the mind and behavior |
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| Part of the nervous system that conveys information between the CNS and the body, controlling and coordinating voluntary movement. |
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Part of the nervous system controlling the involuntary actions of our internal organs and glands, which (along with the limbic system) participates in emotion regulation.
Consists of 2 divisions:
-Sympathetic
-Parasympathetic |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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| Division of the autonomic nervous system engaged during a crisis or after actions requiring fight or flight |
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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| Division of autonomic nervous system that controls rest and digestion |
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| Electroencephalograph (EEG)/ Event Related Potentials (ERP) |
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Recording of brain's electrical activity at the surface of the skull.
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+ERP has very fine brain temporal resolution.
+not invasive
-Sensitive, blinking and twitching can portray wrong results
-However, ERP does not have particularly good spatial resolution. How come we can’t localize activity, one issue is depth- how far in is activation? Another issue is it’s at the surface and measures any electrical activity in its general facility. |
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A scanning technique using multiple X-rays to construct 3D images.
-Shows far more detail than an individual x-ray |
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| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) |
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Technique that uses magnetic fields to visualize brain activity using the BOLD
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+Great Spatial Resolution
- 6-12 seconds of delay, lag
-Have to remain very still
- Takes a long time |
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| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) |
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Imaging technique that measures consumption of glucose-like molecules, yielding a picture of neural activity in different regions of the brain
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+great spatial resolution
-have to remain very still, not good |
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| Magnetoencephalography (MEG) |
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| Technique that measures brain activity by detecting tiny magnetic fields generated by the brain |
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| When we identify what brain areas are active during a specific psychological task over and above the baseline rate of activity |
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| Cognitive function that relies more on one side of the brain than the other |
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| Procedure that involves severing the corpus callosum to reduce the spread of epileptic seizures |
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| Slender thread inside a cell's nucleus that carries genes |
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| genetic material, composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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| Gene that masks other genes' effects |
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| gene that is expressed only in the absence of a dominant gene |
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| Organisms' capacity to pass on their genes |
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| Percentage of the variability in a trait across individuals that is due to genes |
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| 3 Misconceptions about Heritability |
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1- Heritability applies to a single individual rather than to differences among individuals
2- Heritability tells us whether a trait can be changed (says little to nothing about how alterable a trait is)
3-Heritability is a fixed number. (Can differ dramatically across different time periods and populations) |
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| Behavioral Genetic Designs |
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Scientists estimate heritability using one of three behavior genetic designs:
-Family Studies
-Twin Studies
-Adoption Studies |
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Analysis of how characteristics run in intact families.
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+Can be useful for estimating risk of a disorder among relatives
-Relatives share similar environment, don't allow us to disentangle facts of nature from nurture |
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| Analysis of how traits differ in identical versus fraternal twins |
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Analysis of how traits in individuals raised apart from their biological relatives
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+ can compare to biological parent, if similar on psychological characteristic, we can typically assume it's genetically influenced.
-Potential confound is Selective Placement: Adoption agencies frequently place children in homes similar to those of their biological parents. |
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| Creation of new neurons in the adult brain |
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| A cell, often originating in embryos, having the capacity to differentiate into a more specialized cell |
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| Ability of the nervous system to change |
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| Chemical in brain that plays a specialized role in pain reduction |
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| means of recycling neurotransmitters, synaptic vesicle reabsorbs the neurotransmitter. |
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| location that uniquely recognizes a neurotransmitter. (think of the lock-and-key model) |
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| Absolute Refractory Period |
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| Time during which one action potential is impossible; limits maximal firing rate. Occurs right after an action potential. |
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| Electrical impulse that travels down the axon triggering the release of neurotransmitters |
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| Membrane potential necessary to trigger an action potential |
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| electrical charge difference (-60 millivolts) across the neuronal membrane, when the neuron is not being stimulated or inhibited |
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| Glial cells wrapped around axons that act as insulators of the neuron's signal |
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| Cell in nervous system that plays a role in the formation of myelin and the blood-brain barrier, responds to injury, removes debris, and enhances learning and memory |
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| A gap in which neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal |
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| Space between two connecting neurons through which messages are transmitted carefully |
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| Chemical messenger specialized for communication from neuron to neuron |
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| Spherical sac containing neurotransmitters |
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| Portion of the neuron that sends signals |
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| Portion of the neuron that receives signals |
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| Nerve cell specialized for communication |
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