activation of one concept by another

eg asking black students what thier race is (they score low, but claim not to be affected by race, claim they didnt feel smart enough)

rope prob- guys shoulder bruhsing rope.

• 'failure' of short-term memory
• adaptive: why should we store something that is right infront of us

usefulness of the unconsious

examples:

• when thinking hurts performace (cataplilar thinking about walking)
• athletes in the zone
• better dessions made when "trusting ur gut"
• art fraud (people just felt wrong)

10- skin conductance stress responses to red

    - unconsious behavriour: start to favour blue over red

50- unconcious hunch that blue is better

80- concious articulation of whats wrong with red

extinction occurs when

CS without UCS=reudced CR

eg

rats (CS)+loud noise(UCS)=fearCR

formula for advertising

(classical conditioning)

UCS = UCR

CS accompnies UCS

CS elicits CR

ex

UCS (sexy image) elicits UCR (horniess)

CS (product/logo) accompines UCS

(if u buy coffin sexy girls will make out on it)

UCS = chemotherapy

UCR= nausea

CS = food eaten before chemotherapy

CR = nausea

result- aversion to CS

(doesnt follow normal US-UCS-UCR timing)

UCS = chemotherapy/ radiation

UCR = nausea/vomiting

CS= cues (hopsital, needle, ect)

CS leads to UCR

true or false

men and women store memoriez differntly

explain

true

men store in right (jist)

women store in left (details)

• anterograde amnesia
• retrograde amnesia w/ temporal gradient 

        - hippocampus and consoldition

• intact non-declaritve memory
• intact short term memory

makeshift jargon created by adults who speak diffent languages when requiered to communicate

has no syntax

language that results when children collectivly exposed to a pidgin during critical period

consisten syntax

for body energy regulation

what is each of these things function/role?

brain

eat

energy

gut&brain

brain- control center

eat- response system

energy- internal state

gut&brain- sensor

explain how we are evolved to over eat

• for many people, food is not always avalible when engery low
• evoluntion: motivation to eat when food is avalible, regardles of internal energy state

can discriminate

•  emotional expression of faces

cant disciminate

• gender of faces
• scrabmled vs unscrambled
• happy vs sad situations/aniamls

pattern of subjective experience

a way of expriencing internal and external events

our moment-to-moment awarness of oursleves  and our environment

true or fo fo sho

concsisness is public, in a single state, and is self reflective

false!

concsiosness is subjective and private, dynamic (everchanging) and self-refelctive/ central to our sense of self

can be performed with little or no conscious effort

reduces our chances of finding new ways to approach problems

ability to perform more than one activity at the same time

facilittated by automatic processing

a biological clock bitch

(inactive at night)

false

scn has nerual connections to your eyes

seasonal affective disorder

tendency to become psychologically depressed during certain months of the year

(darkness=sadness)

true or false

bodys take a day to adjust to time zone changes

false!

bodys adjust about 1 hour a day to time zone changes

measured when awake and alert

high frequency

relaxed and drowsy

slow frequency

sleep stages

(4)

1. brain wave patter becoems more irregual and slower (theta waves)
2. sleep spindles (perodic one -to-twosecond bursts of rapid brain-wave activity) begin to appear
3. regular appearnce of very slow, large delta waves
4. when delta waves dominate- relaxed and hard to waken

rapid eye moements (every half min or so)

when woken during this your more liekly to remeber dreams

high physiooigcal arousal

true or false

we dram in both REM and non REM sleep

fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff

ACT.

its true.

ture or false

we spend 1/4 of our life sleeping

false

1/3

during day

influences brain system that decrease alterness and promote sleep

when do we dream?

when the brain is most active

during REM sleep & in last hours of both REM and non REM sleep

yes.

we are all emos deep down inside

yes.

each sex has differnt dreams

• cultrual background
• currecnt concerns
• recent events

surface story

what actully happend in dream

pschological meaning

bs

true or false

dreaming serves a very important function

false

is servers no function, and is only a by product of REM neural activity

focus on the process of how we dream

ie sicne dreams require image skills ad other cognitive abilities

1. foalitate synaptic transimition- agonist (drug that increases activity of neurotransmitter) enchance production, sotrage, or relase of neurotransmitter active receptor, or prevent neurotransmitter from being transmitted

1. inhibit synaptic transmission- antagonist (drug that decreases activity of neurotransmitter) reudce synthesis, sotrage, or relase of neurotransmitters orprevent neurotranmiter from beinding to receptor

occurance of compensaotyr respones after discontinued drug use

environmental stimuli trigger compensaotry respones = withdrawl symptoms

true or false

addicts in a differnt environment dont produce same amount of compensaoty respones thus can overdose without having increased dose

a maladaptive pattern of substance use that causes significatn distress or substinetally impairs a persons life

diagnosed as occuring "with physicaoligacl dependecne" if drug tolerance or withdrawl symtoms have developed

fact or tale

drug tolerance always leads to significant withdrawl

false

this is often the case but not always

ture or false

phyisocligical dependce is the major cause of drug addiction

hypnotics experinces occur becuase people have strong belifes and expectations about hypnosis and are highly motivated to enter a hypnotized "role"

their actions are sincere but not the result of divied consiouness

hand stiffening ex. - see what you expect to see

a decrease in the strength of response to repated stimuls

we lean not to respond to uneventful familiar stimuli in order to conserve engery

occurs within central nervous systme NOT with sensory neurons

yes

no, they do not need be be learned

they are natural

no.

conditoned respones acquire quicker whne UCS is intense and averiseive

CS is presnet after UCS

this learning is slowest

a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already estalbished CS

*usually weaker and extinguishes faster than orginial

true or false

it is easier to conditon fear to some stimuli than others

true

the fraze

behaviour is govered by its consequces

is descriptive of what type of condtioning

postive renforement

negative reinforcement

operant extinction

postive punishment

negative punishment

response is strenthed by the subsequent prestation of a stimulus either

primary- stimuls that an orgainsm naturalyl finds reinforing becuase they satisfy bioloigcal needs

secondary- (conditioned reinforcers) work by assointion with primary

applying aversice stimuli such as pain to weaken a response

arouses neg emotions that produce disklke and avoidance of stimuli

reinfocement is geiven after a variable number of correct respones all centered around an average

(slot machines)

organims learns a response to avoid an aversive stimulus (dress warmly to avoid being cold)

*hard to extinguish

calssical and operant conditoning are involved in avoidance learning

eg snake= classical conditoning of fear

                           operant conditoning of avoidance

true or false

rats need to be conditoned to avoid illness assosiated taste

develop an awarness of expecntancy of the relations between responses and probable consequences

awarness implies that the best predicotor of behavoiur is the preiced contigenecy, not the acual one

ie fucking cherios

is refelctied in skills and actoins

(non declarative)

concsious or intentional memory retriveal

(recognition and recall)

true false

nondistinctives stimui are better rembered than distincitve?

false.

other way around.

true or false

our schemas may cuase us to remeber events not as they actully occured

true

it may morph them to fit into our pre-exsiting concept of the world

true or false

schemas prevent the recall of information which did not occure

false

schemas, spreading the activation and priming are some of the reasons why recalling false info occures

the distortion of a memory by misleading post-event info

this information affects witnesses memory

can be subtle- changing a single word while questioning an eyewitness

tendecy to recall something or reconginze it as familiar but to forget where we encountered it

snesory memory

short term/working memory

long term memory

holds incoming sensory information just long enoguh for it to be reconginzed

composed of different subsystems called sensory registers

holds the information that we are sconscious of at any given time

consiously codes and works on information

it will be mentally represnted as memory vodes which can take on various forms

limited in duration and and capacity

20 seconds

but rehearsing information extends duration

auditory working memory

visual-spatial working meory

central executive (control process that directs action)

recall is influenced by a words postion i na series

primary effect of serial postion effect

and recency effect of serial postion effect

primary- refelts the superior recall of early words

reencey- reflects the supoerior recall of the most recent words

the more deeply wer process information the better it will be rembered

uses imary to dual code information

we form mental representaion that cpatures the essentail meaning or gist

areuor mental orgainzers

an orginzed pattern of thought about soem aspect of the world

create a percetual set which is a readiness to perive

"mental frameworks"

consitsts of a system of symbols and rules for combining these symobls in ways that can proudce an almost infinite number of possible msgs or meanings

symbolic and gereative and has sturcutes

underlying meaning of combined symbols

human language sw have a hierarchial strucuture

smallest unit of meaning

left hemishpere

responsible for specah prudcution

rear portion of temporallobe

speech comprehension

left

left AND right

propostitions

statemetn that express facts

basic units of semantic memory

mental categories into which we place objects, activities, abstractions and events that have essential features in common

most typica land famliar members of the class

we deceide which caterofry someting belongs to by its remsblance to prototype

reason from the "topdown"

general prinicples assumed to be true

reason in a "bottom up" way

collect factural in formation> evaulate facts > formualte gernal principle

ti scnietific theory building

"if then" hypothesis

dostraction by irrelevant information

filarure to apply deductive rules

tendency to abandon logical rules in favour of our own personal beliefs

1. understanding or framing the prob
2. gerating potential solutions
3. testing the solutions
4. evaluating results