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| - subsets of the population studied in a research project. |
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| - the tendency toward favorable self-presentation that could lead to inaccurate self-reports. |
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| - study designs in which the researcher defines a problem and variable of interest but makes no prediction and does not control or manipulate anything. |
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| - a study design in which a psychologist, often a therapist, observes one person over a long period of time. |
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| - a study in which the researcher unobtrusively observes and records behavior in the real world. |
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| - a research sample that accurately reflects the population of people one is studying. |
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| - studies that measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another; not designed to show causation. |
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| - a statistic that ranges from -1.0 to +1.0 and assesses the strength and direction of association between two variables. |
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| a research design that includes independent and dependent variables and random assignment of participants to control and experimental groups or conditions. |
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| independent variable (IV) |
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| property that is manipulated by the experimenter under controlled conditions to determinde whether it causes the predicted outcome of an experiment |
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| in an experiment, the outcome or response to the experimental manipulation |
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| the method used to assign participants to different research conditions so that all participants have the same chance of being in any specific group |
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| study of how thought and behavior change and remain stable across the life span |
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| a group of research participants who are treated in exactly the same manner as the experimental group, except that they do not receive the independent variable or treatment |
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| a substance or treatment that appears identical to the actual treatment but lacks the active substance |
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| a group consisting of those participants who will receive the treatment or whatever is predicted to change behavior |
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| studies in which participants do not know the experimental condition (group) to which they have been assigned. |
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| experimenter expectancy effects |
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| result that occurs when the behavior of the participants is influenced by the experimenter's knwoledge of who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group |
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| studies in which neither the participants nor the researchers administering the treatment know who has been assigned to the experimental or control group. |
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| a statement that affects events to cause the prediction to become true |
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| a research and statistical technique for combining all research results on one question and drawing a conclusion |
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| a measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables of the magnitude of an experimental effect |
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| written or oral accounts of a person's thoughts, feelings, or actions |
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tools and techniques used to assess thought or behavior
three categories: self-report, behavioral, and physiological |
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| measures based on systematic observation of people's actions either in their normal environment or in a laboratory setting |
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| measures of bodily responses, such as blood pressure or heart rate, used to determine changes in psychological state |
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| the use of several measures to acquire data on one aspect of behavior |
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| collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of numerical data |
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| measures used to describe and summarize research data |
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| study of how people: perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems |
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| statistical measure of how much scores in a sample vary around the mean |
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| study of links among brain, mind, and behavior |
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study of the relationship btwn bodily systems and chemicals and how they influence behavior and thought
(an older term being replaced by behavioral neuroscience) |
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study of what makes people unique and the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations.
(do our personal traits, dispositions, change/stay the same through life? Do our tendencies affect our health, career choice, or interpersonal relationships?) |
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the study of how living among others influences thought, feeling, and behavior;
considers how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feeling , and behavior |
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the study of the treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and the promotion of psychological health
(largest subdiscipline in psych, since '40s main approach is PhDs in clinical psych should be trained in research AND therapy) |
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| tend to treat and assess relatively healthy people and assist them with career and vocational interests. Training is more likely to occur in schools of education instead of psych. More likely to work with less severe psych disorders. |
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professional degree awarded to therapy-providing clinical psychologists focusing on nonresearch clinical careers.
(degree holders include: social workers, family and marrige therapists, and psychiatrists) |
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examines role of psych factors in physical health and illness.
(how does stress affect people's lives? How is it connected to illness and immune function? Disease prevention, treatment, rehabilitation. Involves clinical practice as well as research) |
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| connects cognitive, developmental, and social psych. Examines how students learn, the effectiveness of particular teaching techniques, dynamics of school populations, and psychology of teaching. Attempts to understand the gifted and those with special needs. |
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| industrial/educational psychology (I/O) |
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application of psychological concepts and questions to work settings.
one of the fastest-growing subdisciplines in psych. nearly 50% increase in # of PhD programs btwn '86 and '04 |
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| the study of psychological factors in sports and exercise. |
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| field that blends psychology, law, and ciminal justice. |
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| medicine men or women who treat people with mental problems by driving out demons with elaborate rituals, such as exorcisms, incantations, and prayers. |
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| "drilling" hole in the skull: in an attempt to heal brain injury, for psychological reasons, to release spirits and demons. |
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| facilities for treating the mentally ill in Europe during the Middle Ages and into the 19th century. (St. Mary's of Bethlehem. 1547 Henry VIII. Origin of word "Bedlam" meaning chaotic, noisy.) |
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| 19th cent. approach to treating the mentally ill with dignity in a caring environment. |
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| Emil Kraepelin (1880s/1890s) |
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German psychiatrist collected data on psych disorders and began systematically classifying and diagnosing them. Popularized term "dementia praecox"
-->"schizophrenia" known before as "split mind". First to distinguish thought and mood disorders. (schizophrenia v. depression, bipolor disorder) |
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| a clinically based approach to understanding and treating psychological disorders; assumes that the unconcious mind is the most powerful force behind thought and behavior. Developed in Austria around turn of 20th cent. by Sigmund Freud. (Also believed dreams were the key to unconcious, and our experiences in childhood are powerful influences in adult personality. Assumes people use psychological defenses to protect against threatening thoughts, feelings, impulses. Lastly assumes unconcious repression of disturbing thoughts and impulses is the root of all maladaptive adult behavior.) |
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| view that all knowledge and thoughts come from experience |
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| the first form of psychology; laboratory studies of the subjective experience of physical sensations. (important idea: the perception of physical properties is not the same as the physical properties themselves.) |
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| One of first experimental psychologists. Did some of first research in perception. Laid groundwork for psychophysics. Investigated smallest change in weights or length that people could discern |
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| Gustav Fechner (1801-1889) |
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| One of first experimental psychologists. Mentor was Ernst Weber. Sudden realization in 1850 one could study psych and physics worlds. Named the discipline psychophysics. Refined some of predecessor's principles of perception. |
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| Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) |
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One of the first experimental psychologists. Physician and physicist. Contributions to: study of memory, physiology, and color vision.
Also Contributions to: laws of conservation in physics, music theory, meteorology, and geometry.
Designed a workable telephone years before Alexander Graham Bell.
First to calculate speed of a nerve impulse at about 90 feet/second. |
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| Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) |
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| 1879: set up psych lab in Leipzig, Germany. (now considered birthplace of experimental psych) Credited with giving psych independence from philosophy and physiology. First to evaluate how the mind worked by scientific investigation instead of argument. Trained himself 180 students. 100 of which were from outside of Germany. |
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| G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) |
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| Went to Germany to learn from Wundt. Studied with William James. Distinction of earning first PhD (1878) in psych as James' student. Teacher and mentor to Cecil Sumner. |
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