Term
| Sherif Autokinetic Effect |
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Definition
| Project spot of light which our mind thinks moves but does not. |
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Term
| Asch Impression Formation |
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Definition
| See how people make inferences based on descriptions of other people. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Latame & Darley Bystander Effect |
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Definition
| Stabbing of New York woman. Goes with diffusion of responsibility. |
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Term
| Diffusion of Responsibility |
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Definition
| More people around, less likely to help. Thinks everyone else would help so we don't have to. |
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Term
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Definition
| The scientific study f how we are influenced by (Sherif, conformity) relate to (Latame & Darley) and think about (Asch) one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Research results apply to the real world |
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Term
| Pros vs Cons of Field Studies |
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Definition
Pro: high ecological validity, no moral issues
Cons: no experimental control, multiple interpretations of results |
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Term
| Pros vs Cons of Lab Studies |
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Definition
Pros: High experimental control, infer causality
Cons: lacks ecological validity, moral issues |
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Term
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Definition
| Cannot be defined. Built by a social setting |
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Term
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Definition
| Body (lose body do not lose self), Brain, Conscious, Social, Language, Emotion, Develop, Internal/external, Memories (even if you wake up w/o memories, still have sense of self), Personality |
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Term
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Definition
| Self-as-known, Self-as-knower, Material self, Spiritual self, Social self |
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Term
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Definition
| "all a person can call his own", the self as experienced, the self as perceived. Things that are properties of "you". The "me". The properties |
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Term
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Definition
| the experiencer, the perceiver. Properties of "I". Awareness of the properties. |
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Term
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Definition
| Self that is aware of its properties |
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Term
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Definition
| able to think about our own thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
| contains things that are observable. Our body, eyes, tangible things such as our cars and clothes. Body most important. Relations as well, family, friends, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| possess as many social selves as we have people with whom we interact |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to see a person as operating from the spiritual self. Understanding the meaning behind others' actions. Required for language. Autistic people lack it. |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that to understand people you must study behavior (stimulus -> response). Why should "black box" matter (brain and thoughts) |
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Term
| Who were the Symbolic Interactionists? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Without others with whom one interacts, there can be no sense of self |
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Term
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Definition
Develop empathy: place oneself in someone elses shoes (theory of mind).
No others = no self |
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Term
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Definition
| you see yourself through the eyes of other people |
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Term
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Definition
| chimps isolated to test sense of self. Paint on brow. Chimps in group develop sense of self, if isolated do not. |
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Term
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Definition
| sometimes we don't know how we're feeling or thinking until we see what we do |
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Term
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Definition
1.we observe our behavior and the context in which it occurs
2.if context can explain behavior we attribute behavior to context (situational attribution)
3.if context cannot explain behavior than we attribute behavior to the person (self): dispositional attribution |
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Term
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Definition
| if context explains behavior we attribute behavior to context |
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Term
| Dispositional Attribution |
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Definition
| if context cannot explain behavior than we attribute behavior to the person |
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Term
| Festinger & Carlsmith Study |
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Definition
| Insufficient Reward: recruit people for boring test. Paid if they help test next subject (1 vs 20 $). Those paid $1 enjoyed study more (could not justify themselves lying to the payment while those getting paid $20 could) |
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Term
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Definition
| Bing Nursery @ Stanford. Saw how long kids played with markers, 3 groups. Expected reward, unexpected reward, no reward. Example of underlying intrinsic motivation |
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Term
| Underlying Intrinsic Motivation |
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Definition
| If one gives an external reason for performing an action, once that external reason is taken away the subject will no longer enjoy the action as much |
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Term
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Definition
Bodily changes follow directly from the perception of an exciting fact. (Ex. see a bear -> get scared)
1.For every E, a unique P
2.If no P no E
3.Maranon. If on can simulate P->E
All wrong (1&2 tested by Cannon) |
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Term
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Definition
Injected people with "suproxin" epinephrine. IV = (1) epi informed. (2) epi uninformed (3) epi misinformed (4) placebo
Second IV: confederate placed in room |
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Term
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Definition
| Insomnia test. Given pill, either told it is excitatory or calming. Those told it makes them anxious slept easier. |
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Term
| Duvalle & Wickland "Self-Awareness Theory" |
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Definition
Self-Awareness Theory: when awarness is directed inwardly (self) we tend to see (a) what we are doing (actual self) or (b) how that behavior measures up (ideal self)
If actual falls below ideal = negative. We either change actual or stop being self aware |
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Term
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Definition
| Halloween Study: kids take candy from bowl. Reduced when made self-aware with mirror |
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Term
| Duvalle & Wickland "Bogus IQ" |
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Definition
| students give false IQ test and told they were top 10 or bottom 10%. Asked to wait, everyone was slow to leave except the bottom 10% made self aware |
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Term
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Definition
| don't need mirror to be made self-aware |
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Term
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Definition
| another bogus IQ study. High self-monitors that did poor drank more wine in subsequent study |
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Term
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Definition
| take credit for good things that happen to us (whether because us or not) Attribute negative things to external |
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Term
| Cialdini "Vicarious Bias" |
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Definition
| ASU football games. "We" vs "They" |
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Term
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Definition
| if not confident in an outcome we tend to build excuses |
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Term
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Definition
| Bogus IQ w/analogies. Half group hard, half easy. All told they did well, then given another with choice of smart or dumb drug. (they were given contingent or noncontingent feedback). If given noncontingent feedback (hard test) took dumb drug to self-handicap (because they "lucked out" originally) |
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Term
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Definition
| Believes most people are "naive psychologists". Look at behaviors and try to attribute a cause |
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Term
| Correspondence Inference Theory |
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Definition
| Under what circumstances are we justified in assuming that the person's behavior corresponds to their dispositions |
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Term
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Definition
| Discount desirable behaviors more than undesirable (they're shocking) |
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Term
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Definition
| If free to choose behavior -> more likely to attribute dispositions to the self |
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Term
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Definition
| Free/not free to write & pro/anti castro. Correlates to correspondence inference theory. (F/P 60) (F/A 16) (N/P 40) (N/A 25) |
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Term
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Definition
| Rule of Thumb. Not necessarily logical |
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Term
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Definition
Covariation Model: Kelley Cube.
Model of how I can attribute causes to people's behavior. Distinctiveness, Consensus, and Consistency. |
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Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
| when people behave we attribute it to the person |
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Term
| Correspondence Difference |
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Definition
| Person's actions correspond to one's traits |
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Term
| Informational Explanation of FAE |
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Definition
| we have different amounts of information about ourselves than of others, so we take our own information into account |
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Term
| Perspective Explanation of FAE |
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Definition
a function of where one's eyes are located; when we observe others we see them and their behavior so we are attuned to assume the behavior is because of the person.
Can test by videotaping conversation and reverse views to person |
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Term
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Definition
70% of social psychology performed this way today.
The attempt to understand the behavior; what's going on in the "black box" |
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Term
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Definition
| the brain "represents" (A stands for B, something stands for something they are not) the world (doesn't capture all aspects) |
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Term
| Srull Impression Formation |
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Definition
| Sit someone down @ a computer and present them w/list of behaviors for "Bob". Congruent, incongruent and irrelevant information given. In surprise recall test people remembered incongruent first then congruent then irrelevant. |
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Term
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Definition
| We resolve the inconsisency by referencing it to what we know about the person already |
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Term
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Definition
| 18-30 seconds, 7 items +- 2, remains as long as rehearsed as well |
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Term
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Definition
Lasts "REAL LONG TIME" holds a "REAL LOT". Not infinite, we don't know.
Thinking of two things contiguously in short term memory associates the two in long term memory |
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Term
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Definition
Incongruent to Incongruent
Congruent to Incogruent
Congruent doesn't link to Congruent |
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Term
| Converging Evidence (Memory) |
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Definition
| any theory can explain a given outcome; it's which theory predicts the most set of results -> this theory we go with |
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Term
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Definition
| The stronger an association the better the recall. Fails converging evidence test because cannot predict order of recall, only amount of recall. |
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Term
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Definition
| A body of real world knowledge and when information is consistent with that knowledge we are better able to organize, interpret,and recall that information (expecting can lead to stereotypes) |
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Term
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Definition
| by knowing the title of the paragraph it becomes easier to remember |
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Term
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Definition
People asked to wait in an office because they are early. Soon taken from office and told experiment is over. Asked what they remember from the office (incongruent, congruent, and irrelevant items present). Inc. Con. then Irr. remembered best in that order.
Most remembered books due to "default value" despite there being no books |
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Term
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Definition
| May remember expectations as reality |
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Term
| Sulin & Dooling's "Carol Harris" |
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Definition
Participants told a story about "Carol Harris" then after 20 minutes and/or a week they were asked what they remembered. Asked if she was "deaf, dumb, and blind". After 20 minutes 5% said yes, after a week 50% said yes (after name was changed to Helen Keller)
Longer time passes more likely to fill in by default |
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Term
| Snyder & Worowitz's "Betty K" |
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Definition
Participants told story about "Betty K's" social life. Told she has never had a steady boyfriend but goes on dates. Asked if she (a) occassionally dated men (b) never went out with men (c) went steady or (d) none of the above.
Answer is D. Ind Var was whether participants were told she was lesbian or straight. |
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Term
| Loftus "Eyewitness" Study |
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Definition
Scene of car accident shown of "fender bender". Later asked how fast cars and the word to describe the accident changed which changed the responses (bumped, slammed, smashed, etc.)
Ex. of Framing |
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Term
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Definition
| The wording of a question to eyewitnesses |
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Term
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Definition
Read paragraph about subject X who lives in El Paso. Asked if they vandalize, are hispanic, are male, are in a gang. None are stated, after 20 min (87, 53, 87, 40% respectively) after 1 day (87, 67, 93, 93% respectively)
Ex. of stereotyping |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of beliefs about a person based on his or her group affiliation |
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Term
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Definition
| a feeling about a person based on his/her group affiliation (can be positive or negative) |
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Term
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Definition
| a behavior toward a person based on his or her group affiliation |
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Term
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Definition
Asked 200 restraunts and hotels if they'd serve orientals. 99% said no, but when he took the asian couples 98% let them in anyways.
Didn't contact motels because didn't exist yet.
Ex. of discrimination |
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Term
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Definition
| women says allegedly raped (white or black rapist ind var 1). (strength of evidence ind var 2) Both black and white averaged guilty the same unless "moderate" evidence was shown in which black had a high discrepenacy. |
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Term
| Realistic Conflict Theory |
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Definition
| Competition exists of limited resources |
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Term
| Sears & Hovland "Lynching Study" |
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Definition
| Looked at records of cotton acre prices in earlier times and correlated with number of black lynchings. Saw when prices (Economy) went down lynchings went down. Negative correlation of -.7 (strong) |
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Term
| Sherif's Robber's Cave Study |
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Definition
| Eagles vs. Rattlers in summer camp. Tournament = "limited resources" Prejudice and discrimination begins, only quelled by superordinate goal introduced |
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Term
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Definition
| a common enemy. Something too big for one group to tackle on its own |
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Term
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Definition
| The mere act of dividing the world into categories of "me" and "not me" is sufficient in and of itself to lead to prejudice, discrimination and stereotyping |
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Term
| Linville "Outgroup Homogeneity Effect" |
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Definition
Members of outgroups more likely to seem homogenous that members of ingroup.
20 year olds vs. 70 year olds |
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Term
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Definition
Shows that dividing into groups is sufficient enough to cause stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination.
Shows college students paper with dots on it, seperated into overestimators and underestimators |
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Term
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Definition
Tested Canadians. If self-esteem of English-Canadians was brought down they'd be more likely to discriminate against French-Canadians
Survey on table with computer cards that falls over. |
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Term
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Definition
| ASU study. Lowers self esteem more likely to say they rather than we |
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Term
| Jenning's et. al. "Advertisement Study" |
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Definition
Group of girls shown ads, either with women acting stereotypically male or female. Then asked if they'd say an impromptu speech.
Ex. of Priming |
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Term
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Definition
| bringing stereotypes into action |
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Term
| Condry & Condry "Baby Study" |
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Definition
| Show undergrads clip of baby in front of jack-in-the-box. If told it was a boy they said the baby was angry, if told it was a girl said it was scared. |
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Term
| Taylor's "Salience Study" |
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Definition
| taped voices of 3 males and 3 females. Asked people what they thought of the voices, nothing interesting. When only one male played however with all women they said male sounded dominant. If one woman they said she sounded bitchy, and like group secretary. |
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Term
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Definition
something sticks out from the background.
Minorities are salient |
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Term
| Snyder & S Krypnck "Self Fulfilling Prophecy" |
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Definition
| Study with two participants communicating electronically. Given set of jobs to do. Male gets to assign first. If female given female jobs she will act stereotypically female in next trial, if given male jobs she will split evenly |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of generally accepted norms provided by a culture |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of culturally trasmitted expectations that don't require in store demands |
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Term
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Definition
| abiding by what one is told |
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Term
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Definition
| abiding by sated rules which have consequences |
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Term
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Definition
autokinetic effect, spot of light in pitch black room.
Ex. of Informative Conformity |
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Term
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Definition
Given three lines. 3 confederates and 1 subject. Confederates give wrong answer every trial. Subject will conform 1-3 times 50% of the time
Ex. of Normative Conformity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Private Conformity/Acceptance |
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Definition
Sherif Study -> informative
Begins to believe privately. |
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Term
| Public Conformity/Acceptance |
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Definition
Publicly conforms but does not believe. Will go back to right answer without group.
Asch Study -> normative |
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Term
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Definition
| Size of UNANIMOUS group matters (levels off around 4 people) |
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Term
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Definition
Had people in New York stand on a street corner and look up. The more people standing there the more likely passersby would look up as well.
Another study confederate would disagree with issues of participants. Participants began to demean confederate. |
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Term
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Definition
Isn't size of group, but number of independent opinions (homo/heterogeneity counts)
Had 4 confederates try and get a subject to conform. Results showed people are more likely to conform to a hetergenous group |
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Term
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Definition
| unanimity a big part of conformity. If just one dissenter is there conformity greatly drops (applies more to normative influence) |
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Term
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Definition
| uses perception stud like Asc. If one confederate dissents conformity drops from 50 to 5%. Even if dissenter is given "coke bottle" glasses conformity still drops |
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Term
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Definition
| when dissention comes early, conformity drops the most |
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Term
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Definition
Blue/Green color study.
Ex. of Minority Influence |
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Term
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Definition
| must be consistent, forceful, and give the appearance of rationale. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
to mentally activate a concept and hence make it accessible
Priming of specific examples leads to a manner inconsistent with category stereotype |
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Term
| Cognitive Consistency Theories |
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Definition
| Balance, Cognitive Dissonance |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory that people try to maintain balance among their beliefs, cognitions and sentiments (Fritz Heider) |
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Term
| Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
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Definition
| The theory that inconsistencies between a person's thoughts, sentiments, and actions create an aversive emotional state (dissonance) that leads to efforts to restore consistency (Leon Festinger) |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to reduce dissonance by finding reasons for why we have devoted time, effort, or money to something that has turned out to be unpleasant or disappointing |
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Term
| Sweet Lemons Rationalization |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| subtly compelling individuals to behave in a manner that is inconsistent with their beliefs, attitudes, or values, which typically leads to dissonance and to a change in their original attitudes or values in order to reduce their dissonance |
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Term
| When Dissonance is Experienced? |
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Definition
1. the behavior was freely choosen
2. the behavior was not sufficiently justified
3. the behavior had negative consequences
4. the negative consequences were foreseeable |
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Term
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Definition
| bolstering our identity and self-esteem by taking note of important elements of our identity, such as our important values |
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Term
| Self-Perception Theory (Book) |
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Definition
| a theory that people cme to kow their own attitudes by looking at their behavior and context in which it occurred and inferring what their attitudes must be |
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Term
| Interpersonal Simulations |
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Definition
| experiments in which an "observer-participant" is given a detailed description of one condition of a dissonance experiment, is told how a participant behaved in that situation and is asked to predict the attitude of that participant |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to devalue activities we perform in order to get something else |
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Term
| System Justification Theory |
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Definition
| the desire to think highly of the broader political and social systems to which we belong |
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Term
| Terror Management Theory (TMT) |
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Definition
| the theory that people deal with the potentially paralyzing anxiety that comes with the knowledge of the inevitablity of death by striving for symbolic immortality through the preservation of a valued worldview and the conviction taht one has lived up to its values and prescriptions |
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Term
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Definition
| the myriad ways that people impact one another, including changes in attitudes, beliefs, feelings, and behavior, that result from the comments, actions or even the mere presence of others |
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Term
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Definition
| changing one's behavior or beliefs in response to explicit or implicit pressure (whether real or imagined) from others |
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Term
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Definition
| responding favorably to an explicit request by another person |
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Term
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Definition
| in an unequal power relationship, submitting to the demands of the more powerful person (demand rather than request) |
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Term
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Definition
| the phenomenon whereby merely thinking about a behavior makes its actual performance more likely (William James) |
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Term
| Informational Social Influence (Book) |
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Definition
| the influence of other people that results from taking their comments or actions as a source of information about what is correct, proper, or effective |
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Term
| Normative Social Influence (Book) |
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Definition
| the influence of other people that comes from the desire to avoid their disapproval, harsh judgments, and other social sanctions |
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Term
| What size juries are most effective? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What influences the rate of informational conformity? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What influences the rate of normative conformity? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Private acceptance of a proposition, orientation, or ideology (influenced by informational) |
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Term
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Definition
| agreeing with someone or advancing a position in public, even if we continue to believe something else in private (influenced by normative) |
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Term
| Minority Influence (Book) |
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Definition
| mostly through informational social influence |
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Term
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Definition
| Milgram experiment, bringing learner closer to teacher. Less obedience occurred. |
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Term
| Tuning out the Experimenter |
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Definition
| as experimenter got further away in Milgram study less obedience occurred |
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Term
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Definition
| crimes like in the Milgram study are only perpetrated by "exceptional" people |
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Term
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Definition
| The capacity for such destructive obedience as in the Milgram Study lies within all of us if given the right circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
| Directed at mind. Directed at heart |
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Term
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Definition
| a norm dictating that people should provide benefits to those who benefit them (more tips given to waiters who give a candy with bill) |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA Reciprocal Concessions Technique. Asking someone for a large favor and then a small one which seems miniscule in comparison with the first request. Only works if requests are by the same person |
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Term
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Definition
| a compliance technique in which one makes an initial small requst to which nearly everyone complies, followed by a larger request involving the real behavior of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| adding something to an original offer, which is likely to create some pressure to reciprocate |
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Term
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Definition
| the wanting to sustain a good mood and so we help others which makes us feel good |
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Term
| Negative State Relief Hypothesis |
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Definition
| the idea that people engage in certain actions, such as agreeing to a request, in order to relieve negative feelings and to feel better about themselves |
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Term
|
Definition
| the idea that people reassert their prerogativesin response to unpleasant state of arousal they experience when they believe their freedoms are threatened |
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Term
|
Definition
| identifies the roots of much intergroup hostility int eh competing interests that set many groups apart form one another |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasizes the psychological needs and wishes that lead to intergroup conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| traces the origin of stereotyping to the same cognitive processes that allow us to categorize, say, items of furniture into distinct classes of chairs, couches, and tables |
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Term
|
Definition
| beliefs that certain attributes are characteristic of members of particular groups |
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Term
|
Definition
| a negative attitude or affective response toward a certain group and its individual members |
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Term
|
Definition
| unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in that group |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA symbolic racism. prejudice directed at other racial groups that exists alongside rejection of explicitly racist beliefs (ex. that asians are smarter, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| a subjectively favorable, chivalrous ideology that offers protection and affection to women who embrace conventional roles (often coexists with hostile sexism) |
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Term
|
Definition
| antipathy toward women who are viewed as usurping men's power |
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Term
| Implicit Association Test (IAT) |
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Definition
| a technique for revealing nonconscious prejudices toward particular groups |
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Term
|
Definition
| a procedure usedto increase the accessibility of a concept or schema |
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Term
| Realistic Group Conflict Theory |
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Definition
| a theory that gorup conflict, prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups for limited resources |
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Term
|
Definition
| glorifying one's own group while vilifying other groups |
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Term
| Superordinate Goals (Book) |
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Definition
| goals that transcend the interests of one individual group and that can be achieved more readily by two or more groups working together |
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Term
|
Definition
| By Elliot Aronson. Groups of 6 with different races and genders each learning own part and teaching others. Reduces racial tensions and increases learning capacity. |
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Term
| Minimal Group Paradigm (Book) |
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Definition
| an experimental paradigm in which researchers create groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria and then examine how the members of these "minimal groups" are inclined to behave toward one another (Tajfel) |
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Term
| Social Identity Theory (Book) |
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Definition
| a theory that a person's self-concept and self-esteem not only derive from personal identity and accomplishments, but from the status and accomplishments of the various groups to which the person belongs |
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Term
| Basking in Reflected Glory |
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Definition
| the tendency to take pride in teh accomplishments of those with whom we are in some way associated (even if it is only weakly) |
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Term
| Frustration-Aggression Theory |
|
Definition
| the theory that frustration leads to aggression |
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Term
|
Definition
| the pairing of two distinctive events that stand out even more because they co-occur |
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Term
|
Definition
| explaining away exceptions to a given stereotype by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ from the group as a whole |
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Term
|
Definition
| processes that occur outside of our awareness, without conscious control |
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Term
|
Definition
| processes that occur with conscious direction and deliberate thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
| not knowing whether to attribute positive feedback to their own skill or to others' condescension and ot knowing whether to attribute negative feedback to their own error or to others' prejudice |
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Term
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Definition
| the fear that we will confirm the stereotypes that others have regarding some salient group of which we are a member |
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Term
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Definition
| the straightforward idea that bringing together students of different races and ethnicities would reduce prejudice and discrimination |
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