Term
| Inability to view problems form a new angle; focuses thinking but hinders creative problem solving. |
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Definition
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Term
| Methodological rule or procedure that guarantees solution but requires time and effort |
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Definition
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Term
| Fast, automatic, unthinking feelings and thoughts based on our experience; huge and adaptive but can lead us to overfeel and underthink |
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Definition
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Term
| Simple thinking shortcuts that allow us to act quickly and efficiently, but put us at risk for error |
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Definition
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Term
| sudden Aha! reaction that provides instant realization of the solution |
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Definition
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Term
| tendency to search for support for our own views and ignore contradictory evidence |
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Definition
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Term
| ignoring evidence that proves our beliefs are wrong; closes our mind to new ideas |
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Definition
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Term
| overestimating the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments; allows us to be happy and to make decisions easily, but puts us at risk for errors |
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Definition
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Term
| wording a question or statement so that it evokes a desired response; can influence others' decisions and produce a misleading result |
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Definition
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Term
| point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 ideas Freud contributed |
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Definition
| importance of childhood events, the existence of the unconscious mind, and our self protective defense-mechanisms |
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Term
| a large number of related concepts |
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Definition
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Term
| an organized body of information, categorized |
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Definition
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Term
| a schema for events, a sequence of activities |
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Definition
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Term
| the most typical example of a mental category/concept |
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Definition
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Term
| these link concepts together |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| this type of culture is relationship focused, act according to others' wishes, and feel the self is only meaningful as part of a group |
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Definition
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Term
| Trial & error, insight, algorithms, and heuristics are all examples of ____. |
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Definition
| Problem solving strategies |
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Term
| The phenomena that makes us think when information is easier to recall/access, it is more likely to be true. |
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Definition
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Term
| When we won't change our minds even in the presence of conflicting evidence. |
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Definition
belief perseverance
(heuristic) |
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Term
| When we seek to confirm our own hypotheses |
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Definition
Confirmation bias
(heuristic) |
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Term
| Letting problems incubate is an effective use of ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ oriented goals are more likely to succeed, _____ oriented goals suck |
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Definition
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Term
| Dieting often fails because we try to replace _______ cues with __________ cues. |
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Definition
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Term
| The best way to diet is to eat based on ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Regulatory Strength Model suggests that self control ______. It acts like ____. |
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Definition
| consumes resources, a muscle |
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Term
| Most likely to develop an eating disorder? |
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Definition
women
wealthy countries
middle to upper class
perfectionists, approval-seeking
those seeing pressure from parents |
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Term
| Neural areas in the ____ house appetite centers |
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Definition
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Term
| Either saline or epinephrine were injected in subjects and they were told either: it won't affect, it will arouse, it will calm. |
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Definition
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Term
| In Schacter and Singer's study on emotion, which test case caused the greatest amount of emotional distress? |
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Definition
| Misinformed -- unexplained arousal |
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Term
| The Two Factor theory of emotion states that emotions are _____ |
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Definition
| How we interpret physiological responses. One physiological stimuli may have many different emotions associated (perception based) |
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Term
| Two Systems perspective on emotions includes which two systems? |
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Definition
Cortex - slow, cognitive
Amygdala - fast, emotional |
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Term
| Why doesn't money make us happy? |
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Definition
Expectations arise with salary
We adapt to current predicament
We socially compare |
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Term
| What are the parts of the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
sympathetic - arousal
parasympathetic - calming |
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Term
| According to the General Adaptation Syndrome, the 3 effects of long term stressors on the body are: |
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Definition
| Alarm phase, resistance, exhaustion. |
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Term
| fight or flight is good for ___ stressors, bad for ___ stressors. |
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Definition
dangerous, physical
chronic, mental |
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Term
| The appraisal theory states that stress depends on how you ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The stages of the appraisal theory are: |
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Definition
Primary - what does it mean?
Secondary - do I have coping resources? |
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Term
| According to appraisal theory, stressful events are |
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Definition
| High threat, low coping resources |
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Term
| From a stress perspective, what's the best kind of job? |
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Definition
| High demand, high resources/control (active strain) |
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Term
| The worst kind of stress for a person's health is |
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Definition
| Long-term, chronic, mental stress. |
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Term
| According to the General Adaptation Syndrome approach, our "burglar alarm" goes off _____. |
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Definition
| Regardless of the intruder |
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Term
| When encountering stress, women's empathetic centers _____ while men's _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| In emotion focused coping, we react to the _______ because we feel that _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____ approach introduced the "big 5". |
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Definition
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Term
| The dispositional approach says that traits are _____, and they influence ____. |
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Definition
Stable & enduring over time
Behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism |
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Term
The three major goals of the ___ approach are:
-Determining how traits are structured, related
-Determining trait categories
-Behavior prediction |
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Definition
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Term
| Dispositional approach is similar to biological ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The criticisms of the dispositional approach are |
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Definition
doesn't explain origins
doesn't explain how personality works
traits very weakly correlate to behaviors
situations can also influence behavior |
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Term
| ___ is the tendency to experience positive emotions. |
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Definition
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Term
| The general tendency to experience negative emotions is called ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| One's orientation toward others is called ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| The tendency to plan, organize, and carry out tasks is called ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Tendency to be imaginative and artistic is called ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The 3 levels of Freud's consciousness are: |
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Definition
Conscious (smallest)
Preconscious
Unconscious (largest) |
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Term
| The 3 personality parts according to Freud are |
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Definition
Id - urges
Ego - deals with real-world constraints
Superego - moral values |
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Term
| According to Freud, your personality is a result of _____ |
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Definition
conflicts between parts of your psyche
developmental conflicts as a child |
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Term
| Neat & organized characteristics, according to Freud, were formed during the ___ stage. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Oedipus complex occurs during the ___ stage of development |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Freud's Oedipus complex, because they cannot have their mother, they _____. |
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Definition
| Try to be like their father to live vicariously through them |
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Term
| ____ focus on the ways that healthy, normal people behave and maintain good mental health |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ claim that how people perceive themselves is all that matters (phenomenology) |
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Definition
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Term
| The actualizing tendency principle of humanistic approach states that you will have _____ if you don't follow your unique actualizing tendency. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the _____ principal of the _____ approach, we need people to love us unconditionally in order to feel good about ourselves. |
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Definition
unconditional positive regard
humanistic |
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Term
| According to humanistic approaches, in order to be happy, your self-concept needs to be ____ and not _____. This is called having an integrated self-concept. |
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Definition
organized
in conflict with itself |
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Term
| The 3 principles of the humanistic theory are: |
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Definition
actualizing tendency
unconditional positive regard
integrated self-concept |
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Term
| By doing studies on the Big 5 in Chinese, they found that they added a trait: |
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Definition
| interpersonal relatedness |
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Term
| Of the Big 5, only _, _, and _ were found in Chinese language. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gosling & John's study on animal personality found that _, _, and _ were found in most animals. _ was also found in chimps. |
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Definition
N, E, A
C (higher order thinking) |
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Term
| Foot-in-the-door is a ____ technique. It works by making a ____ request in hopes you can follow with a ____ one. |
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Definition
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Term
| Low-ball technique is a ____ technique. This works by ____ the cost until purchase. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bait & switch is a ___ technique. |
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Definition
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Term
| The two kinds of compliance are: |
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Definition
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Term
| The 3 types of reciprocation techniques are: |
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Definition
repayment - St. jude
door in face - cartman
that's not all - cupcakes |
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Term
| What was the Asch study and what did it find? |
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Definition
| Study of pluralistic ignorance, when confederates purposely answer wrong, 50-80% of people caved at least once and answered wrong too! |
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Term
| What was the Milgram study and what did it find? |
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Definition
| Had teachers shock "students" at rising levels of voltage. Humanizing, decreasing authority, and introducing defiance led to more people who quit before hitting highest voltage. Male/female didn't matter. Over 60% shocked at highest voltage. |
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Term
| Milgram's study was a study on ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Asch's study was on ____. |
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Definition
| Normative social influence. |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of social influence? |
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Definition
conformity
obedience
compliance
persuasion |
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Term
| There are 2 motives for social influence: |
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Definition
Normative - seeking acceptance
Informational - seeking information |
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Term
| The social psychological approach says that behavior is a function of ____ and ____. |
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Definition
the person
their environment |
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Term
| Our tendency to overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate situational influences is called the ______. |
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Definition
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Term
| ____ cultures are more subject to the fundamental attribution error. |
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Definition
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Term
| Le Page's study on aggression found that you could ______ aggression. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the Le Page study, participants angered in a room with _____ were more likely to give stronger shocks. |
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Definition
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Term
| Latane and Darley's study on pluralistic ignorance had people ______ and then ______. They found that _____ left the room, where ______ tended to stay. |
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Definition
take surveys, smoke poured into the room
people who were alone
people who were surrounded by unnoticing confederates |
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Term
| Darley & Latane's study on diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
| Had people talk over intercoms. When the confederate faked a seizure, people in smaller groups were more likely to respond and were faster to do so. |
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Term
| ___ is linked to aggression. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is the unselfish concern for the welfare of others. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ and ____ enhance contact between groups and prevent prejudice & stereotypes. |
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Definition
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Term
| The want to belong to the best group to boost our self esteem is a postulate of the ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The phenomena that showed people spontaneously favor their own group, even if randomly assigned is called the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Snyder, Tanke, and Berscheid's study on attractiveness found that men who believed they were talking to more attracitve women: |
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Definition
Socialized better
Had higher expectations for the convo
Thought she would be more funny, interesting |
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Term
| When you have a negative attitude toward a person purely based on their membership in a group. You have accepted & endorsed stereotypes. |
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Definition
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Term
| When you display unwarranted hostile behavior toward a person based on group membership |
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Definition
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Term
| A generalization about a group assigning characteristics to all members of group. |
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Definition
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Term
| The idea that prejudice can be implicit is called |
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Definition
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Term
| A group bicycle, tug of war, or group project can all be a place where _____ occurs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Social loafing is when groups _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Social facilitation is when the presence of others _____ arousal. |
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Definition
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Term
| Overconfidence, closed mindedness, push for uniformity, avoidance of conflict, and rationalizations are all symptoms of ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| In order to prevent group think, one should |
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Definition
Seek outside perspectives
Encourage skepticism
Allow for expression of doubts
Avoid leaders who are too directive |
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Term
| When you experience _____ influence, you hear more arguments that strengthen your opinion. |
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Definition
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Term
| Under ____ influence, we may strengthen our opinions to appease others. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does group polarization occur? |
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Definition
Informational influence
Normative influence
Pluralistic ignorance |
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Term
| Introducing accountability, monitoring performance, creating a challenge, and increasing cohesiveness are ways to prevent/stop ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___ theory says that competition for limited resources leads to conflict and prejudice. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ABCs of prejudice are: |
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Definition
Affective - prejudice
Behavioral - discrimination
Cognitive - stereotypes |
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Term
| When targets of stereotypes behave in a way consistent with our stereotype, we notice it and perceive the events as related. This is called _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ is when we label people who aren't consistent with our stereotypes as exceptions. |
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Definition
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Term
| When a perceiver has a false belief about a subject, they tend to treat them in a way consistent with this. When the subject behaves as expected, this is called the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| A group is characterized by: |
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Definition
Direct interaction
Lasts for some time
Share a common fate
Perceive as "us" |
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Term
| When discussing risky attitudes as a group, people were more likely to make a _____ decision |
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Definition
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Term
| Group Polarization is the effect where attitudes become more ____ in a group |
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Definition
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Term
| The ____ determines if the decisions will be in more risky or cautious direction. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ are mental categories in which we place similar objects, activities, abstractions, and events. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ link concepts together. Concepts are atoms, and they are molecules. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ are large numbers of related concepts and propositions. |
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Definition
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Term
| A ____ is a knowledge structure consisting of any organized body of stored information. |
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Definition
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Term
| A ____ is a knowledge structure that acts as a schema for events: it sequences activities |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ is a desire or need that initiates, energizes and directs behavior. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Person (psychology), environment (incentives) |
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Term
| In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a ____ need must be satisfied before moving to a ____ one. |
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Definition
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Term
| Maslow's hierarchy, from low to high |
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Definition
Physiological (food, water, sleep)
Safety & security
Love & belonging
Self-esteem
Self-actualization |
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Term
| Drive reduction theory in order |
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Definition
| Physiological need -> psychological tension -> behavior to reduce unpleasant drive |
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Term
| The ____ hypothesis says that smiling or frowning may provide information we use to identify our emotions. Being induced to smile may make things seem funnier, etc. |
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Definition
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