Term
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Definition
| Assigning participants to the experimental or control groups by chance; to eliminate pre-exisiting differences (no subconcious influences) |
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Definition
| To get a fair representation of a larger group of population because every member had an equal chance to be included |
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Definition
| All cases in the group being studied; samples are drawn from the population of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| Observe a population in their natural enviroment |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common kind of psych study, relating two things together to create an observation of a population, (positive) ability to predict an outcome (negative) never know what causes the correlation |
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Term
| Experiment - Random Assignment |
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Definition
| Randomly assigned individuals to either a control group or an experimental group |
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Term
| Experiment - Independent Variable |
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Definition
| The "Thing" being studied; it's hypothesized to be a "cause" of the dependtent variable |
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Term
| Experiment - Dependent Variable |
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Definition
| Hypothesis to be the "effect" of the independent Variable |
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Term
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Definition
| A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. |
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Term
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Definition
| Founded the field of psychoanalysis |
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Term
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Definition
| Reciprocal Determinism - Everything is multicausel |
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Term
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Definition
| Unconditional Positive Regard, Accurate empathy, genuineness |
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Term
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Definition
| the id is the set of uncoordinated instinctual trends; the ego is the organized, realistic part; and the super-ego plays the critical and moralizing role. The super-ego can stop you from doing certain things that your id may want you to do. |
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Term
| Defense Mechanisms (psychoanalytic theory) |
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Definition
| Repression, Regression, Reaction Formation, Projection, dispalcement, rationalization, sublimation |
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Definition
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Term
| Social - Cognitive Theory |
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Definition
| It is the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems |
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Term
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Definition
| Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement oftraits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion. |
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Term
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Definition
| this approach emphasises an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and creativity. (People are inherently good, holistic appraoch to human existence, free will, human potential) |
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Term
| Internal vs External Locus of Control |
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Definition
| the extent to which individuals believe that they can events that affect them. Internal are happier and get along better with others |
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Term
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Definition
| OCEAN - Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism |
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Term
| Person-Situation Controversy |
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Definition
| controversy concerning whether the person or the situation is more influential in determining a person's behavior |
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Term
| "Evolutionary Psychology" |
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Definition
| The manner in which natural selection favored certain behavioural tendencies that contributed to the survival and spread of our ancestors genes |
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Term
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Definition
| Charecterisitcs that favor survival and reproduction (pain over the surface of skin, interest in sex, interest in violence) |
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Term
| Nature vs Nurture on Human Development |
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Definition
| relative importance of an individual's innate qualities ("nature," i.e.nativism, or innatism) versus personal experiences ("nurture," i.e. empiricism or behaviorism) in determining or causingindividual differences in physical and behavioral traits. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fetal alchohol syndrome, birth defects |
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Term
| Newborns' visual abilities and interests |
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Definition
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Term
| Cognitive Stages - Jean Piaget |
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Definition
| Birth -> 2yrs: Sensorimoter, 2yrs -> 6yrs: preoperational (symbolic), 7yrs -> 11yrs: Concrete operational, 12yrs -> adulthood: formal operational |
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Term
| Importance of Mother-infant attachment |
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Definition
| A unique special bond between a child and it's caretaker, caused by comfort and touch |
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Term
| Parenting styles: Diana Baumrind |
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Definition
| Best to be authoritative, but not athoritarian. Permissive and apathetic. (respond, demand, control, Accept) |
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Term
| Three Levels of moral reasoning: Lawrence Kohlberg |
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Definition
| Preconventional (morality of self interest to avoid punishment), conventional (morality of law and social rules), post conventional (morality of abstract principles to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles) |
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Term
| Identity stage: Erik Erikson & Carol Gilligan |
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Definition
| During adolescence, children explore their independence and develop a sense of self. |
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Term
| Fluid versus crystallized intelligence |
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Definition
| Fluid intelligence or fluid reasoning is the capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge. Crystallized intelligence is the ability to use skills, knowledge, and experience. |
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Term
| Piaget: Object permanence |
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Definition
| is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Muscles are relaxed, but other body systems are active |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The suffere may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times |
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Term
| Manifest vs Latent Dream Content |
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Definition
| manifest = remembered story line of a dream latent = underlying meaning of a dream |
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Term
| Memory - Sensory Register |
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Definition
| The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system |
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Term
| Memory - Short Term / Working Memory |
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Definition
| Roughly 7 things, lost in 30seconds, a few items both noticed and encoded |
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Term
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Definition
| Infinite amounts of memories, some items are altered or lost |
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Term
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Definition
| repeat information to maintain it in our brain |
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Term
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Definition
| organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically |
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Term
| Memory - Recall vs Recognition |
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Definition
| Recall - having to "recall" the memory and write about it. Recognition - only having to identify the answer (multiple choice) |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones's current good or bad mood |
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Term
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Definition
| we recall experiences more easily when we are in the state under which we had the initial experience (drunk, high, etc.) |
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Term
| Memory - Mnemonic Devices |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Long-term potentiation - an increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. |
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Term
| Maslows Hierarchy of needs |
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Definition
| Physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization |
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Term
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Definition
| type of common psychiatric disorder characterized by excessiverumination, worrying, uneasiness, apprehension and fear about future uncertainties either based on real or imagined events, which may affect both physical and psychological health. |
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Term
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Definition
| Depressive disorder, bipolar disoder |
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Term
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Definition
| a mental disorder that makes it hard to: Tell the difference between what is real and not real; |
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Term
| Sigmund Freud - Psychoanalytic Techniques |
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Definition
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Term
| Humanistic Theory - Carl Rogers |
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Definition
| Unconditional Positive Regard, Accurate empathy, genuineness |
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