Shared Flashcard Set

Details

PSYCH 101 Chapter 11
for test
67
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
09/09/2019

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
social psychology
Definition

 

  • branch of psychology that studies how a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the presence of other people and by the social and physical environment

Term
sense of self
Definition

 

  • and individuals unique sense of identity that has been influenced by social, cultural, psychological experiences; your sense of who you are in relation to other people

Term
social cognition
Definition

 

  • the mental processes people use to make sense of their social environment

Term
social influence
Definition

 

  • the effect of situational factors and other people on an individual's behavior

Term
person perception
Definition
the mental processes used to form judgements and draw conclusions about the characteristics and motives of other people
Term
social norms:
Definition

 

  • the “rules” or expectations, for appropriate behavior in a particular situation

Term
social categorization
Definition

 

  • the mental process of categorizing people into groups or social categories on the basis of their shared characteristics

Term
explicit cognition
Definition

 

  • deliberate, conscious mental processes involved in perceptions, judgement, decisions, and reasoning

Term
implicit cognition
Definition

 

  • automatic, nonconscious mental processes that influence perceptions, judgements, decision, and reasoning.

Term
Implicit personality theory
Definition
 A network of assumptions or beliefs about the relationships among various types of people,traits, and behaviors.
Term
attribution
Definition

 

  • the mental process of inferring the causes of people’s behavior, including one’s own. Also refers to the explanation made for a particular behavior

Term
fundamental attribution error:
Definition

 

  • the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors

Term
blaming the victim:
Definition

 

  • the tendency to blame an innocent victim of misfortune for having somehow caused the problem or for not having taken steps to avoid or prevent it. 

Term
hindsight bias:
Definition

 

  • the tendency to overestimate one’s ability to have forseen or predicted the outcome of an event

Term
just-world hypothesis:
Definition

 

  • the assumption that the world is fair and that therefore people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Term
self-serving bias
Definition

 

  • the tendency to attribute successful outcomes of one’s own behavior to internal causes and unsuccessful outcome to external, situational causes.

Term
attitude
Definition

 

  • a learned tendency to evaluate some object, person, or issue in a particular way; such evaluations may be positive, negative, or ambivalent 

Term
cognitive dissonance:
Definition

 

  • an unpleasant state of psychological tension (dissonance) occurring when two thoughts or perceptions (cognitions) are inconsistent; results from awareness that attitudes and behavior conflict

Term
prejudice
Definition

 

  • a negative attitude towards people who belong to a specific social group

Term
stereotype
Definition
a cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group, often including qualities unrelated to the objective criteria that define a group
Term
in-group:
Definition

 

  • a social group to which one belongs

Term
out-group:
Definition

 

  • a social group to which one does not belong

Term
out-group homogeneity effect:
Definition

 

  • the tendency to see members of out-groups as very similar to one another

Term
in-group bias
Definition
the tendency to judge the behavior of in-groups members favorable and out-group members unfavorable
Term
implicit attitudes:
Definition

 

  • preferences and biases toward particular groups that are automatic. spontaneous, unintentional, and often unconscious; measured with the Implicit Association Test.

Term
conformity
Definition
adjusting opinions, judgements, or behaviors so that they match the opinions, judgements, or behaviors of other people, or norms of a social group or situation
Term
normative social influence:
Definition

 

  • behavior that is motivated by the desire to gain social acceptance and approval

Term
informational social influence:
Definition

 

  • behavior that is motivated by the desire to be correct.

Term
obedience
Definition

 

  • the performance of a behavior in response to a direct command

Term
altruism
Definition

 

  • helping one another with no expectation of personal reward or benefit

Term
prosocial behavior:
Definition

 

  • any behavior that helps another, whether the underlying motive is self-serving ot selfless 

Term
bystander effect:
Definition

 

  • a phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely the individual is to help someone in distress

Term
diffusion of responsibility:
Definition

 

  • a phenomenon in which the presence of other people makes it less likely that any individual will help someone in distress because the obligation to intervene is shared amongst all the onlookers

Term
aggression:
Definition

 

  • verbal or physical behavior intended to cause harm to other people

Term
persuasion
Definition

 

  • the deliberate attempt to influence the attitudes or behavior of another person in a situation in which that person has some freedom of choice.

Term

- situations matter- but often we fail to notice

- we construct our social reality

Definition
big ideas in psychology
Term

 

    • change one of your conditions (thoughts)

    • change your behavior

Definition
two ways to reduce cognitive dissonance:
Term

 

  • step 1: notice the event

  • step 2: interpret the event as an emergency

  • step 3: assume responsibility
Definition
Latane and Darley steps for helping in a situation
Term

 

    • if others in a group are all answering a question out loud wrongly, you are more likely to conform to their wrong answer even though you know it is wrong

Definition
Asch’s conformity experiment
Term

 

      • 65% compliance until 450 volts

      • certain things reduced compliance

Definition

 

    • Milgram's obedience research:

Term

 

    • A is affective: prejudice

    • B is behavior

    • C is stereotype

Definition
ABC
Term

- categorical thinking

-

Definition
Causes of Prejudice:
Term

 

        • ingroup bias

        • we minimize the difference within categories (outgroup homogeneity)

Definition

 

      • consequences of categorical thinking:

Term
100 ms
Definition
we process race in
Term

 

    • 150 ms

Definition
we process sex/gender in
Term
microaggressions: “brief, everyday changes that send denighting messages to certain individuals because of their membership”
Definition
modern prejudice/racism:
Term
social psychologists use evolutionary psychology to understand how a universal behavior is adaptive
Definition

 

what other branch of psychology do social psychologists use to study and understand that behavior?

Term
context
Definition
involving interactions between two or more people
Term

 

  • could have received favorable treatment their whole life

  • other research suggests that seeing attractiveness evokes a widely distributed neural network involving perceptual decision making and reward circuit.  

Definition

 

why might attractive people tend to be happier, have higher self-esteem, intelligence, and other desirable personality traits?

Term

 

    • cognitive component: beliefs, thoughts, ideas about the attitude subject

    • emotional component: feelings and emotions about the attitude subject

    • behavioral component: predisposition to act a particular way

Definition

 

  • 3 components of attitude: 

Term
- the jigsaw classroom technique tried to emphasize cooperative learning over competitive learning. They found that cooperative learning resulted in the students having higher self esteem and a greater liking for children in other ethnic groups helping to reduce negative stereotypes and prejudice between the children at the elementary school.
Definition
What did the “jigsaw classroom technique” try to accomplish?
Term

 

  • when you are facing a unanimous group of at least 4 or 5 people

  • when you must give your response in front of the group

  • when you have not already expressed commitment to a different idea or opinion

  • when you find the tasks to be ambiguous or difficult

  • when you doubt your abilities or knowledge in the situation

  • when you are strongly attracted to a group and want to be a member of it

Definition

 

When are you more likely to conform to a group?

Term

 

  • Ordinary people are likely to follow orders given by an authority figure, even to the extent of killing an innocent human being.  Obedience to authority is ingrained in us all from the way we are brought up.

  • People tend to obey orders from other people if they recognize their authority as morally right and/or legally based. This response to legitimate authority is learned in a variety of situations, for example in the family, school, and workplace.

Definition
Takeaways from Milgram's study:
Term

 

  • performing the experiment at an office building and not a university

  • having the teacher and learner in the same room

  • forcing teachers to force the learner’s hand down on a “shock plate”

  • experimenter leave the lab and gives the instruction to the teacher over the phone

  • the experimenter leaves and an ordinary man replaces give the orders to the teacher

  • teacher first observes two other teachers rebel and refuse to continue

  • teachers free to choose chock level

Definition
What conditions did Milgram identify that decreased the likelihood of destructive obedience
Term

 

    • personality factors: example being someone that is more empathetic

    • the “feel good, do good” effect

    • feeling guilty

    • seeing others who are willing to help

    • perceiving the other person as deserving help

    • knowing how to help

    • having a more personalized relationship

    • a dangerous situation 

Definition

 

  Identify factors that increase the likelihood that a person will help a stranger.

Term

 

    • the presence of other people

    • being in a big city or a small town

    • vague or ambiguous situations: Example being thinking a fight on the street is just a lovers quarrel 

    • when the personal costs of helping outweighs the benefits: example being the possibility of dying

Definition

 

Identify factors that decrease the likelihood that a person will help a stranger.

Term

 

  • biological influences on aggression:

    • genes and brain structure

    • biochemical structures: Ex: hormones and alcohol abuse

  • psychological influences on aggression:

    • learning: violent act are often learned from someone else

    • frustration

  • gender and cultural influences on aggression

Definition

 

What factors increase the likelihood of aggression?

Term

 

  • the rule of reciprocity: 

  • the door-in-the-face technique:
  • the foot-in-the door technique:
Definition
3 persuasive techniques
Term

 

    • if someone gives you something or does you a favor, you feel the need to return the favor

Definition

 

  • the rule of reciprocity: 

Term
the door-in-the-face technique:
Definition
Asking something of someone that is way too much knowing it will be refused only to apologize and then ask for something mucher smaller so the person feels like you are trying to be reasonable and gives you the smaller request
Term

 

    • you start off with a small that someone is sure to give you so that you can “get your foot in the door” and then ask for a much larger request which pressures the person into accepting it

Definition
the foot-in-the door technique:
Term

 

  • act motivated purely by the desire to help someone in need

  • falls under prosocial behavior: any behavior that helps another, whether the underlying motive is self-serving ot selfless  

Definition

 

What are the characteristics of an altruistic act?

Term

 

  • you can be born with genes that make them more inclined to be aggressive

Definition

 

What is the influence of genes and brain structure on aggressive behavior?

Term

 

    • we create a halo around a person making it harder for new information to change the way we think about someone from our originator impression

Definition
halo effect:
Term
Asch
Definition
Who performed the line conformity test?
Term
bias blind spot:
Definition
 we think that other people are more biased than we are
Term

 

    • take off the blinders

    • don't assume that everything is okay

    • stop diffusion of responsibility

Definition

 

  • How to be a good Samaritan:

Supporting users have an ad free experience!