Term
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Definition
The way information is processed and manipulated in rembering, thinking and knowing.
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Term
Cognitive Psychology
(Thinking and Intelligence) |
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Definition
- Approach that looks to explain observable behavior by investigating mental process and structures that we can not observe
- Basically examining the thinking behind behavior
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Term
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Definition
Involves manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting in a critical or creative manner. |
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Term
| What are "Concepts", and what are the 4 reasons they are important in how the brain deals with information? |
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Definition
They are mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics
They:
›Allow us to generalize
›Allow us to associate experiences and objects
›Aid memory by making it more efficient by not needing to re-learn everything
›Provide clues about how to react to a particular object or experience |
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Term
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Definition
- A way to explain the structure of concepts
- Emphasizes that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept they will compare the item with the most typical item in the category and look for common features with that items properties
- Ex) How do you know that something is a water bottle, or a cat or a dog?
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Term
What are the 4 steps of:
Problem Solving? |
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Definition
- Find and Frame problems
- Develop good problem solving strategies -–Set goals and sub goals (intermediate goals)
- Evaluate solutions
- Rethink and redefine problems and solutions over time
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Term
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Definition
Using a prior strategy and failing to look at a problem from a fresh new perspective
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Term
| What is Reasoning, and what two types of reasoning do we apply to make sense of new information? |
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Definition
Mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions
Inductive _______
›Involves reasoning from specific observations to make generalization
›Utilizing prior experiences to make generalization judgments
(ooh, look! that switch turns on the light. All switches must turn on lights.)
Deductive _______
›Reasoning from a general case that is known to be true to a specific instance
›Draw conclusions from facts
(since I know that switches turn on lights, that switch must also turn on the lights) |
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Term
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Definition
Tendency to search for and use information that supports rather than refutes ones ideas.
(One of the 3 types biases covered in this course) |
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Term
| What are "Heuristics", and what are some problems with using this framework to organize information? |
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Definition
Usually defined as a general rule of thumb for decision making.
Problems:
›Representative _______ (would give answer away)
–Tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearance or stereotype rather than available base rate information
›Availability _______
–Prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling similar events |
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Term
| What does Critical Thinking entail? |
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Definition
Means thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence
Being able to work past the “obvious” answer
Mindfulness
›Being alert and mentally present for ones everyday activities
Open-mindness
›Being receptive to other ways of looking at something |
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Term
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Definition
A characteristic of a person that emphasizes the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways to come up with unconventional solutions to problems.
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Term
| How is Intelligence defined in America? |
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Definition
All-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems and learn from experience
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Term
Measuring Intelligence:
What three elements does a good IQ test have? |
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Definition
›Validity
–Does the test measure what it is intended to measure
›Reliability
–Does the test produce consistent performance
›Standardization
–Uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test as well as creating norms |
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Term
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Definition
Created first intelligence test
›Coined term Mental Age
›Compare mental abilities to mental abilities typical for that age group |
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Term
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Definition
Devised term intelligence quotient (IQ)
›Mental age divided by chronological age
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Term
| Normal Distribution in IQ tests |
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Definition
| Refering to the bell curve that shows IQ test results as they relate to the average score |
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Term
The Flynn Effect
(Part of the "Nature v Nurture" debate) |
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Definition
IQ test scores around the world are rapidly increasing |
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Term
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Definition
Developed triarchic theory of intelligence
(Analytical intelligence, Creative intelligence, Practical intelligence)
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Term
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Definition
Developed Theory: Nine types of intelligence
(–Verbal, –math, –spatial, –bodily kinesthetic, –Musical, –Interpersonal, –Intrapersonal, -Naturalist, –existentialist)
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Term
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Definition
Form of communication that is based on a system of symbols, whether spoken, written, or signed
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Term
5 basic rule system of language:
Part 1: Phonology |
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Definition
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Term
5 basic rule system of language:
Part 2: Morphology |
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Definition
Language's rule for word formation
(consider how language changes over time) |
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Term
5 basic rule system of language:
Part 3: Syntax |
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Definition
Languages rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences |
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Term
5 basic rule system of language:
Part 4: Semantics |
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Definition
Meaning of words and sentences in a particular language or culture. ..... |
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Term
5 basic rule system of language:
Part 5: Pragmatics |
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Definition
Useful characteristic of language; the ability to communicate more meaning than what is said |
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Term
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Definition
Argued that humans are pre-wired for language
›Brain contains particular areas responsible for language use
–Broca area (speech production)
–Wernicke's area (language comprehension) |
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Term
| What is the "Case of Genie", and how does it relate to observations about how humans learn language? |
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Definition
Locked in isolation, the child did not speak. This shows that the teaching of language at a young age is a necessary component to development. |
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Term
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Definition
Refers to a person's interpretation of a situation |
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Term
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Definition
Involves regulating our feelings about an experience by reinterpreting it or thinking about it in a different way or from a different angle
note: The way you think about an event will greatly affect your ability to cope with it |
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Term
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Definition
Tendency to report falsely after the fact that one predicted an outcome
(One of the 3 types of biases covered in this course) |
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Term
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Definition
Tendency to ignore information about general principle in favor of very specific but vivid information.
(One of the 3 types of biases covered in this course) |
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Term
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Definition
Failing to solve a problem as a result of fixation on a thing's usual function.
(just becuase a rock's not a hammer doesn't mean
you can't use it as one) |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces many solutions to same problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces the single best solution to a problem. |
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Term
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Definition
ca. (1904)
›First to come up with idea of intelligence as a general ability (called g) |
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Term
| Language's Infinite Generativity |
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Definition
| Ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences. |
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