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Psych 101
unit 3 test and final
103
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/24/2012

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Term
developmental psychology
Definition
the study of how humans grow, develop and change throughout the lifespan
Term
longitudinal study
Definition
a type of developmental study in which the same group of participants is followed and measured at different ages
Term
prenatal development
Definition
development that occurs between conception and birth and consists of 3 stages (germinal, embryonic, and fetal)
Term
zygote
Definition
the single cell that forms when a sperm and egg unite
Term
cross-sectional study
Definition
a type of developmental study in which researchers compare groups of participants of different ages on various characteristics to determine age-related differences
Term
embryo
Definition
the developing human organism during the period from week 3 through week 8 when the major systems, organs, and structures of the body develop
Term
fetus
Definition
the developing human organism during the period from week 9 until birth, when rapid growth and further development of the structures, organs and systems of the body occur
Term
teratogens
Definition
viruses and other harmful agents that can have a negative impact on prenatal development
Term
critical periods
Definition
periods during the embryonic stage when certain body structures are developing and can be harmed by negative influences in the prenatal environment
Term
fetal alcohol syndrome
Definition
a condition that is caused by maternal alcohol intake early in prenatal development and that leads to facial deformities as well as mental retardation and behavior problems
Term
low birth weight
Definition
a weight at birth of less than 5.5 pounds
Term
neonates
Definition
newborn infants up to 1 month old
Term
reflexes
Definition
inborn, unlearned, automatic responses to certain environmental stimuli
Term
maturation
Definition
each infants own genetically determined biological pattern of development
Term
visual cliff
Definition
an apparatus used to measure infants ability to perceive depth
Term
habituation
Definition
a decrease in response or attention to a stimulus as an infant becomes accustomed to it
Term
temperament
Definition
a persons behavioral style or characteristic way of responding to the environment
Term
attachment
Definition
the early close relationship formed between infant and caregiver
Term
separation anxiety
Definition
the fear and distress shown by infants and toddlers when the parent leaves, occurring from 8 to 24 months and reaching a peak from 12 to 18 months
Term
stranger anxiety
Definition
a fear of strangers common in infants at about 6 or 7 months of age which increases in intensity until about 12 1/2 months and then declines
Term
organization
Definition
Piaget's term for a mental process that uses specific experiences to make inferences that can be generalized to new experiences
Term
schemes
Definition
plans of action, based on previous experiences to be used in similar circumstances
Term
assimilation
Definition
the mental process by which new objects, events, experiences and info are incorporated into existing schemes
Term
accommodation
Definition
the mental process of modifying existing schemes and creating new ones in order to incorporate new objects, events, experiences and info
Term
sensorimotor stage
Definition
Piaget's first stage of cognitive development in which infants gain an understanding of their world through their senses and their motor activities ; culminates with the development of object performance and the beginning of representational thought
Term
object permanence
Definition
the realization that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight
Term
preoperational stage
Definition
Piaget's second stage of cognitive development which is characterized by the development and refinement of schemes for symbolic representation
Term
centration
Definition
a preoperational child's tendancy to focus on only one dimension of a stimulus
Term
concrete operations stage
Definition
Piaget's third stage of cognitive development during which a child acquires the concepts of reversibility and conservation and is able to attend to two or more dimensions of a stimulus at a time
Term
reversibility
Definition
the fact that when only the appearance of a substance has been changed it can be returned to its original state
Term
conservation
Definition
the understanding that given a quantity of matter remains the same if is is rearranged or changed appearance as long as nothing is added or taken away
Term
formal operations stage
Definition
Piaget's fourth and final stage of cognitive development which is characterized by the ability to apply logical thinking to abstract problems and hypothetical situations
Term
overextension
Definition
the application of a word, on the basis of some shared feature to a broader range of objects than is appropriate
Term
underextension
Definition
the restriction of a word to only a few rather that to all members of a class of objects
Term
babbling
Definition
vocalization of the basic units of sound
Term
telegraphic speech
Definition
short sentences that follow a rigid word order and contain only 3 or so essential content words
Term
overregularization
Definition
the act of inappropriately applying the grammatical rules for forming plurals and past tenses to irregular nouns and verbs
Term
phonological awareness
Definition
sensitivity to sound patterns of a language and how they are represented as letters
Term
socialization
Definition
the process of learning socially acceptable behaviors and attitudes and values
Term
authoritarian parents
Definition
parents who make arbitrary rules expect unquestioned obedience from their children, punish misbehavior and value obedience to authority
Term
authoritative parents
Definition
parents who set high but realistic and reasonable standards, enforce limits, and encourage open communication and independence
Term
permissive parents
Definition
parents who make few rules or demands and usually do not enforce those that are made; they allow children to make their own decisions an control their own behavior
Term
neglecting parents
Definition
parents who are permissive and are not involved in their children's lives
Term
contexts of development
Definition
Bronfenbrenner's term for the interrelated and layered settings in which a child grows up
Term
lifespan perspective
Definition
the view that developmental changes happen throughout the human lifespan and that interdisciplinary research is required to fully understand human development
Term
psychosocial stages
Definition
Erikson's eight developmental stages through which individuals progress during their lifespan, each stage is defined by a conflict involving the individuals relationship with the social environment which must be resolved satisfactorily in order for healthy development to occur
Term
identity crisis
Definition
the emotional turmoil a teenager experiences when trying to establish a sense of personal identity
Term
adolescence
Definition
the developmental stage that begins at puberty and encompasses the period from the end of childhood to the beginning of childhood
Term
puberty
Definition
a period of several years in which rapid physical growth and physiological changes occur culminating in sexual maturity
Term
secondary sex characteristics
Definition
those physical characteristics that are not directly involved in reproduction but distinguish the mature male from the mature female
Term
metamemory
Definition
the ability to think about and control ones own memory processes
Term
preconventional level
Definition
Kohlberg's first level of moral reasoning in which moral reasoning is governed by the standards of others rather than the person's own internalized standards of right and wrong
Term
conventional level
Definition
Kohlberg's second level of moral reasoning in which the individual has internalized the standards of others and judges right and wrong in terms of those standards
Term
postconventional level
Definition
Kohlberg's highest level of moral reasoning in which moral reasoning involves weighing moral alternatives and realizing that laws may be conflict with basic human rights
Term
emerging adulthood
Definition
the period from the late teens to early twenties when individuals explore options prior to committing adult roles
Term
presbyopia
Definition
a condition developing in the mid to late 40's in which the lenses of the eyes no longer accommodate adequately for near vision and reading glasses or bifocals are required for reading
Term
menopause
Definition
the cessation of menstruation which usually occurs between the ages of 45 and 55 and marks the end of reproductive capacity
Term
general slowing
Definition
a process in which the reduction in the speed of neural transmission leads to a slowing of physical and mental functions
Term
crystallized intelligence
Definition
a type of intelligence comprising verbal ability and accumulated knowledge which tend to increase over the lifespan
Term
fluid intelligence
Definition
a type of intelligence comprising abstract reasoning and mental flexibility which peak in the early 20s and decline slowly as people age
Term
dementias
Definition
a group of neurological disorders in which problems with memory and thinking affect an individuals emotional, social, and physical functioning caused by the deterioration of the brain
Term
Alzheimer's disease
Definition
a progressive and incurable disorder that involves widespread degeneration and disruption of brain cells resulting in dementia
Term
personality
Definition
a persons characteristic patterns of behaving, thinking, and feeling
Term
psychoanalysis
Definition
Freud's term for his theory of personality and his therapy for treating psychological disorders
Term
conscious
Definition
the thoughts, feelings, sensations, or memories of which a person is aware at any given moment
Term
preconscious
Definition
the experiences, perceptions, feelings, and memories that a person is not consciously aware of at the moment but that may be easily brought to consciousness
Term
unconscious
Definition
for Freud the primary motivating force of human behavior containing repressed memories as well as instincts wishes and desires that have never been conscious
Term
id
Definition
the unconscious system of the personality which contains the life and death instincts and operates on the pleasure principle; source of the libido
Term
ego
Definition
in Freud's theory the logical, rational, largely conscious system of personality which operates according to the reality principle
Term
superego
Definition
moral system of the personality which consists of the conscience and the ego ideal
Term
defense mechanism
Definition
a means used by the ego to defend against anxiety and to maintain self-esteem
Term
repression
Definition
a defense mechanism in which one involuntarily removes painful or threatening memories thoughts or perceptions from consciousness or prevents unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses from breaking into consciousness
Term
psychosexual stages
Definition
a series of stages through which the sexual instinct develops each stage is defined by an erogenous zone
Term
fixation
Definition
arrested development at a psychsexual stage occurring because of excessive gratification or frustration at that stage
Term
oedipus complex
Definition
occurring during the phallic stage a conflict in which the child is sexually attracted to the opposite sex parent and feels hostility toward the same sex parent
Term
personal unconscious
Definition
in Jung's theory the layer of the unconscious that contains all of the thoughts, perceptions, and experiences accessible to the conscious as well as repressed memories wishes and impulses
Term
collective unconscious
Definition
in Jung's theory the most accessible layer of the unconscious which contains the universal experiences of humankind throughout evolution
Term
archetypes
Definition
existing in the collective unconscious inherited tendencies to respond to universal human situations in particular ways
Term
self-actualization
Definition
developing to ones full potential
Term
conditions of worth
Definition
conditions on which the positive regard of others rests
Term
unconditional positive regard
Definition
unqualified caring and nonjudgmental acceptance of another
Term
five-factor model
Definition
a trait theory that attempts to explain personality using 5 broad dimensions each of which is composed of a constellation of personality traits
Term
individualism/collectivism dimension
Definition
a measure of a cultures emphasis on either individual achievement or social relationships
Term
social-cognitive theory
Definition
the view that personality can be defined as a collection of learned behaviors acquired through social interactions
Term
reciprocal determinism
Definition
Bandura's concept of a mutually influential relationship among behavior cognitive factors and environment
Term
self-efficacy
Definition
the perception a person has of his or her ability to perform competently whatever is attempted
Term
locus of control
Definition
Rotter's concept of a cognitive factor that explains how people account for what happens in their lives either seeing themselves as primarily in control of their behavior and its consequences or perceiving what happens to them to be in the hands of fate, luck, or chance
Term
inventory
Definition
a paper and pencil test with questions about a persons thoughts, feelings, and behaviors which measures several dimensions of personality and can be scored according to a standard procedure
Term
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Definition
the most extensively researched and widely used personality test which is used to screen for and diagnose psychiatric problems and disorders
Term
California Personality Inventory (CPI)
Definition
a highly regarded personality test developed especially for typical individuals aged 13 and older
Term
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Definition
a personality inventory useful for measuring normal individual differences based on Jung's theory of personality
Term
projective test
Definition
a personality test in which people respond to inkblots or drawings of ambiguous human situations by projecting their inner thoughts, feelings, fears, or conflicts onto the test materials
Term
Rorschach Inkblot Method
Definition
a projective test composed of ten inkblots that the test taker is asked to describe; used to assess personality , make differential diagnoses
Term
Thematic Apperception Test(TAT)
Definition
a projective test consisting of drawings of ambiguous human situations which the test taker describes thought to reveal inner feelings, conflicts and motives which are projected onto the test materials
Term
psychological disorder
Definition
mental processes and/or behavior patterns that cause emotional distress and/or substantial impairment in functioning
Term
anxiety disorders
Definition
psychological disorders characterized by frequent fearful thoughts about what might happen in the future
Term
panic attack
Definition
an episode of overwhelming anxiety, fear or terror
Term
agoraphobia
Definition
an intense fear of being in a situation from which escape is not possible or in which help would not be available if one experienced overwhelming anxiety or just a panic attack
Term
panic disorder
Definition
an anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurring unpredictable episodes of overwhelming anxiety, fear, or terror
Term
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Definition
an anxiety disorder in which people experience chronic excessive worry for 6 months or more
Term
phobia
Definition
a persistent irrational fear of some specific object, situation, or activity that poses little or no danger
Term
social phobia
Definition
an irrational fear and avoidance of any social or performance situation in which one might embarrass or humiliate oneself in front of others by appearing in clumsy foolish or incompetent
Term
specific phobia
Definition
a marked fear of a specific object or situation a general label for any phobia other that agoraphobia and social phobia
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