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| Wish fulfillment: manifest content (what it looks like on surface) and latent content (what it symbolizes) |
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| Activation synthesis: random neurons firing that trigger thoughts and experiences |
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| resetting the biological clock |
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| retina detects light->sends message to hypothalamus->Suprachiasmic nucleus (SCN) sends message to pineal gland->pineal gland releases melatonin->melatonin adjusts clock |
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| Electroenphalograph: measures brain waves |
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| Beta: low voltage high frequency |
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| sleep spindles mixed waves--20 minutes |
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| Sleep cycle: stage 3 and 4 |
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| Delta waves dominate (high voltage, low frequency)--30 minutes |
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| low voltage, high frequency--most dreaming |
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| protective, restorative, and growth |
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| Wish fulfillment, info processing, and activation synthesis |
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| Bobo doll study; observational learning; need attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation |
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| skinner's rats; reinforcement and punishment |
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| unconditioned stimulus->unconditioned response; conditioned stimulus->conditioned response |
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| conditioned response "spreads" to similiar stimuli |
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| conditioned response is restricted to specific stimuli |
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| form a new conditioned response |
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| banish a conditioned response |
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| conditioned response reappears after extinction and non-exposure |
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| Higher-order conditioning |
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| conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus |
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| continuous and intermittent |
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| a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences |
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| money; something associated with a primary reinforcement |
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| rewarding approximations towards behavior (getting warmer) |
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| remove something unpleasant |
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| give something unpleasant |
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| remove something pleasant |
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| criteria for observational learning |
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| attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation |
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| when instincts interfere with conditioned responses |
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| Conditioned taste aversion |
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| condition a bad taste with something |
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| three kinds of processing |
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| encoding (forming a memory code), storage (put in proper place in brain), and retrieval (how many times you practice) |
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| general structure of knowledge |
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| primary effects: remember 1st one better; recency effects: remember most recent best |
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| working/short term memory |
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| limited, magic 7, 20 seconds |
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| looking for relationships |
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| arrange parts of a problem to satisfy criteria |
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| sequence of transformations to reach goal (water jug problem) |
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| When we only think of typical use for an object |
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| When we think of a solution that works so we can't see beyond it for a simpler soultion |
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| We constrain ourselves in ways that are not necessary |
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| 6 approaches to problem solving |
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| trial and error, heuristics (rules of thumb), forming subgroups, working backward, search for analogies, change the representation |
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| the loss of memories for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia |
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| the loss of memories for events that occur after onset of amnesia |
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| cost and benefit and the probabalities of those cost and benefits |
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| system handles factual information |
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| estimate probability of event by the ease of which it comes to mind |
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| something is more representative is more likely (mix rather than straight run on heads or tails) |
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| Think Bob is librarian because of stereotypes even though there are more salesman than librarians statistically |
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| Two events occurring together is more likely than just one |
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| Thinking that what happened before is going to affect an independent event |
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| Use most reliable sample size rather than ratio |
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| contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the info was learned |
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| Linguistic Relativity (the number of words for one single thing, the more complexly you can think of that concept |
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| Behaviorists (imitation and reinforcement |
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| Nativists (innate language acquisition device, original sentences, overregularizations) |
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| symbolic (arbitrary symbols that have a consensus meaning, infinitely generative, and structured (has to have structure of grammar |
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| Smallest segment of sound |
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| Smallest component of word that has semantic meaning |
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| Rules we use to combine phrases in sentences |
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| develops muscles in mouth, lips, face etc to pronounce sounds |
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| A phrase used to convey an entire sentence (usually ust noun and verb) |
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| Cognitive realization; ability to reflect on use of language |
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