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Arousal comes before emotion.
Ex: "we observe our heart racing after a threat, and then feel afraid." |
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Arousal and Emotion occur simultaneously but separately.
Ex: "our heart races as we experience fear." |
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Cognition can define emotion. Our physical reactions and our thoughts together create emotion. Also known as the two-factor theory.
Ex: Arousal could be labeled as fear or excitement, depending on context. |
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Physical arousal and cognitive appraisal. Also known as the Schachter-Singer Theory.
Two factors are general arousal and a conscious cognitive label. |
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We have many emotional reactions apart from, or even before, our interpretation of a situation. instant, before cognitive appraisal.
Ex: "we automatically react to a sound in the forest before appraising it." |
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Our brains process info without conscious awareness, and that some emotional responses don't require conscious thinking. Appraisal sometimes without our awareness defines emotion.
Ex: the sound is "just the wind." |
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| mix of bodily arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience, including thoughts and feelings. |
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| conscious experience includes: |
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feelings (panic, fear, joy)
thoughts ("is this a kidnapping?") |
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| Nervous System that arouses. |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System Function |
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| pupils dilate (what nervous system?) |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System Function |
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| salivation decreases (what nervous system?) |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System Function |
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| skin perspires (what nervous system?) |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System Function |
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| respiration increases (what nervous system?) |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System Function |
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| heart accelerates (what nervous system?) |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System Function |
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| digestion inhibits (what nervous system?) |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System Function |
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| adrenal glands secrete stress hormones (what nervous system?) |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System Function |
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| immune system functioning reduced (what nervous system?) |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System Function |
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| Nervous system that calms |
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System Function |
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| pupils contract (what nervous system?) |
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System Function |
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| salivation increases (what nervous system?) |
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System Function |
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| skin dries (what nervous system?) |
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System Function |
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| respiration decreases (what nervous system?) |
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System Function |
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| heart slows (what nervous system?) |
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System Function |
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| digestion activates (what nervous system?) |
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System Function |
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| adrenal glands decrease secretion of stress hormones (what nervous system?) |
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System Function |
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| immune system functioning enhanced (what nervous system?) |
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System Function |
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attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.
use when your efforts can change things. |
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| when we cannot-or believe we cannot- change a situation. use when you can't change things, manage your internal response. |
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| a threatening or challenging event |
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| physical and emotional responses to a stressor |
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| the process of appraising and responding to a threatening or challenging event |
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| stress is designed to be an adaptive response to (?) |
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| Positive effects of stress |
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| motivates and arouses us to deal with challenges; can strengthen us, especially if short-lived or if viewed as a challenge. |
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| negative effects of stress |
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| prolonged stress correlates with increased risk of disease, heart problems and death. |
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| catastrophes, significant life changes, daily hassles |
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| release epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol |
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| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) |
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alarm- mobilize resources
resistance- cope
exhaustion- reserves are depleted, more vulnerable |
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| what are effective mechanisms for coping with stress? |
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| Exercise, hobbies, meditation, problem-focused strategies, social support, therapy are all examples of what? |
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| being aroused by one stimuli can spill over into the next stimuli (goes back to Schachter and Singer: injections of adrenaline, told it has or has no effect. emotional response depends on beliefs, environment.) |
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| What is the function of the Amydgala? |
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| the emotional control center. those watching (and subtly mimicking) fearful faces show more emotion in this part of the brain. |
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| what happens when the amygdala is damaged? |
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| people become (inappropriately) fearless-no fear response. Makes you very vulnerable. |
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| People accuracy at deceit detection |
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| measures emotion-linked changes in breathing, cardiovascular activity, and perspiration to detect lying. |
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| when you can't control things, stress hormones elevate. workers who have some control over stuff are less stressed and tend to live longer. |
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| optimists are less stressed, cope better, and tend to live longer than pessimists. |
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good relationships predict better health, less likely to die early.
social support calms us, fosters increased immune functioning, and gives us a place to share problems. |
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| Where does happiness come from? |
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Definition
| Helping others, the feel-good do good phenomenon, good things happening to you, wealth (in certain aspects like being able to provide for family, you have less stressors when you aren't in debt, etc.) are all examples of what? |
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| Where does happiness come from? |
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| Helping others, the feel-good do good phenomenon, good things happening to you, wealth (in certain aspects like being able to provide for family, you have less stressors when you aren't in debt, etc.) are all examples of what? |
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| origin: learned response, by observation. we are biologically pre-disposed to fear some things more than others (snakes, cliffs; not so much guns) |
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| amygdala is key in fear response, damage it and people are (inappropriately) fearless. |
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| Characteristics of facial/emotional expression |
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expressions display and enhance emotional responses.
"act as if" principal (smiling, walking)
"venting" does not dampen anger
inducing smiling induces positive feelings, and memories |
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| calms us, fosters increased immune functioning, and gives us a place to share problems. |
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| psychodynamic theory of personality |
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| view human behavior as a dynamic interaction between the conscious and unconscious mind, including associated motives and conflicts. These theories are descended from Freud’s psychoanalysis, which first focused clinical attention on our unconscious mind. |
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| humanistic theories of personality |
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| focused on the ways “healthy” people strive for self-determination and self-realization. In contrast to behaviorism’s scientific objectivity, they studied people through their own self-reported experiences and feelings. |
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| trait theories of personality |
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| describe personality in terms of people’s characteristic behaviors and conscious motives |
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| social-cognitive theories of personality |
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Definition
emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations. Much as nature and nurture always work together, so do individuals and their situations.
believe we learn many of our behaviors either through conditioning or by observing and imitating others. They also emphasize the importance of mental processes: What we think about our situations affects our behavior. Instead of focusing solely on how our environment controls us (behaviorism), they focus on how we and our environment interact. |
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| (1) Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; (2) The process of free association (chain of thoughts) leads to painful, embarrassing unconscious memories. Once these memories are retrieved and released the patient feels better. |
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| Criticisms of the Psychoanalytic Theory |
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Definition
The following are all examples of (?):
Personality develops throughout life and is not fixed in childhood.
Freud underemphasized peer influence on the individual, which may be as powerful as parental influence.
Gender identity may develop before 5-6 years of age.
Suppressed sexuality does NOT lead to psychological disorders. Sexual inhibition has decreased, by psychological disorders have not. |
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| this personality unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification (acting on impulse). |
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| this personality provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations (conscience, ideals). |
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| this personality functions as the "executive" and mediates the demands of the others, (considering reality). |
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| Repression, Regression, Reaction Formation, Projection, Rationalization, Displacement are all examples of what? |
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| banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness |
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| leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage. |
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causes the ego to unconsciously switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites.
EX: expressing feelings of purity when suffering anxiety from unconscious feelings about sex. |
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| leads people to disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. |
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| offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions. |
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| shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, redirecting anger toward a safter outlet. |
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| Defense Mechanisms (define) |
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| the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality is called (?) |
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| Freud believed that repression enables other defense mechanisms. |
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| a little boy reverts to the oral comfort of thumb sucking in the car on the way to his first day of school. |
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| reaction formation (example) |
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| repressing angry feelings, a person displays exaggerated friendliness. |
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| "the thief thinks everyone else is a thief." |
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| rationalization (example) |
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| offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions. |
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| a little girl kicks the family dog after her mother sends her to her room. |
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| a partner denies evidence of his loved one's affair. |
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| a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. |
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| freud asked patients to say whatever came to their minds (free association) in order to tap the unconscious. |
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| shift from studying base motives of “sick” people to focusing on how “healthy” people achieve self-determinism and self-realization. |
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| self-actualization (definition) |
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Definition
| fulfilling our potential. |
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| who pioneered self-actualization? |
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Definition
Abraham Maslow & Carol Rogers
(Maslow & Rogers) |
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| self-actualization (example) |
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Definition
the following is an example of (?)
self-aware and self-accepting, open and spontaneous, caring and loving, didn't care about others' opinions. their interests were problem centered and not self-centered. they focused energies on a specific task, one they often regarded as their mission in life. |
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| three requirements for personal growth, as said by rogers: |
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1. Genuineness: open with feelings
2. Acceptance: unconditional positive regard is an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings.
3. Empathy: sharing and mirroring our feelings. |
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| self-concept (definition) |
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| all of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, an answer to the question, "who am i?" |
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| an individual's unique constellation of durable dispositions and consistent ways of behaving constitutes his or her personality is known as the (?) theory |
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| honest, dependable, moody, impulsive |
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| Extroversion examples of emotional stability |
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Definition
| sociable, outgoing, talkative, responsive, easygoing, lively, carefree, leadership are examples of what type of factor analysis? |
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| extroversion examples of emotional instability |
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Definition
| touchy, restless, aggressive, excitable, changeable, impulsive, optimistic, active are all examples of what type of factor analysis? |
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| introverted examples of emotional stability |
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Definition
| passive, careful, thoughtful, peaceful, controlled, reliable, even-tempered, calm are all examples of what type of factor analysis? |
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| introverted examples of emotional instability |
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Definition
| moody, anxious, rigid, sover, pessimistic, reserved, unsociable, quiet are all examples of what type of factor analysis? |
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| factor analysis examples are? |
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Definition
extraversion-introversion
emotional stability-instability |
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| how is extroversion and introversion linked to brain activity? |
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Definition
| PET scans show that a frontal lobe area involved in behavior inhibition is less active in extraverts than introverts. Dopamine and dopamine-related neural activity tend to be higher in extraverts. |
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Definition
C-A-N-O-E
Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, Extraversion |
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| how do the big 5 link to culture, genetics, and stability over time? |
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| The traits are very stable in adulthood, however, they change over development. they're heritable, where 50% or so for each trait are heritable. These traits are also common across cultures. |
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| Main Arguments of the person-situation controversy |
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| traits are socially significant and influence our health, thinking, and performance. behaviors from a situation may be different, but average behavior remains the same. Situations are also important. when we are in unfamiliar, formal settings, our traits are less easy to read; we attend to social cues. some situations exert a stronger influence on behaviors than do others: e.g. traffic light (color of light predicts driver's behavior much better than their personality traits) |
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| social-cognitive perspective |
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| Bandura believes that personality is the result of an interaction that takes place between a person and their social context. |
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| External locus of control: |
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Definition
| chance or external forces are in control of my destiny is an example of (?) |
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| Internal locus of control |
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Definition
| I am in control of my destiny. this is associated with: higher school/work achievement, act more independently, better health, feeling less depressed, better able to delay gratification, better coping skills. this is an example of (?) |
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| people accept responsibility for good deeds and successes, attribute bad stuff and failures to external causes is known as the (?) |
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Definition
| thinking that more people notice us than actually do is known as what? |
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| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
| we are more likely to attribute our behavior to external causes, and others' behavior to internal causes. |
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| Fundamental Attribution Error (Example) |
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Definition
| Other drivers are idiots when they fail to use turn signals. i was distracted when i failed to use mine. (this is an example of what?) |
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| Cognitive Dissonance theory |
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Definition
| when our actions and behaviors are inconsistent, we feel uncomfortable. we can solve this by changing our attitudes, or changing our behavior. |
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| Cognitive Dissonance Theory (example) |
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Definition
"if i chose to do it (or say it), i must believe in it"
is an example of what theory? |
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Definition
| engages systematic, logical thinking |
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| peripheral route persuasion |
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Definition
| engages snap judgements, or endorsements by others |
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| foot-in-the-door phenomenon |
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Definition
| if you can get a person to make a small step (especially towards something they disagree with) they will later be more easily induced to take larger steps in that direction. |
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| people perform well learned tasks better in front of others. difficult tasks become harder with an audience. crowding amplifies reactions (laughter, criticism, etc) |
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| people don't try as hard when working in groups, not as accountable, may see their effort as expendable |
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| enhancement of a group's prevailing tendencies, initial differences between groups tend to grow. |
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| when members in a group suppress dissent, and assume consensus. (Kennedy: bay of pigs; Bush, WMD, etc.) |
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| belief that the world is just means that those who are discriminated against must deserve it. |
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| what did we learn from Millgram's, Zimbardo's, and Asche's famous experiments? |
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| Situations can induce normal people to do unthinkable things: beware the situation. Not everyone complied. Normal people can also resist great evil, and incite others to resist. Beware the “foot-in-the-door” phenomenon; harder to resist the longer you comply. If you can get a person to act a certain way, their attitudes tend to follow. |
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less self conscious plus more arousal in (because of) a group setting.
iwearing masks/disguises, being a part of a large crowd, lowers inhibitions and can increase aggression (i can't be identified), "mob" effect. |
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| effective ways to reduce prejudice |
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| have more contact and make friends/work closely with members of groups you have negative reactions towards. Contact often helps reduce prejudice. Cooperation helps even more (working toward superordinate goals together) |
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| under what conditions are people more likely to conform? |
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Definition
when we feel incompetent or insecure, there are at least three people in the group, the rest of the group is unanimous, we like or admire the group, we haven't already committed to a response, others in the group are watching us, our culture encourages respect for social standards.
we are more likely to (?) |
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| under what conditions are people more likely to obey? |
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Definition
| 65% comply with orders to administer shock past the "danger:severe" to near fatal levels. |
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| when are bystanders most likely to help others? |
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Definition
| happy people are more likely to help, the less people there are, the more likely we are to help. |
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Definition
| the more people present, the less likely we are to help |
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