Term
|
Definition
| Strategies that guarantee the solution to a problem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Directly confronting a problem with active attempts to solve it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a science of creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coping with a problem by trying one's best to ignore it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Model stating that all instances of a concept share defining properties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individuals' interpretation of the events in their lives as harmful, threatening, or challenging and their determination of wether they have resources to cope effectively with the events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to search for and use information that supports, rather than refutes, our ideas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thinking that produces one correct answer; characteristic of the type of thinking required on traditional intelligence tests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve life's problems, and seeking to master or reduce stress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior that is deviant (rare/unusual) that is maladaptive (keeps you from behaving normally) and is personally distressful/painful |
|
|
Term
| Biological approach to psychological disorders (BA-PD) |
|
Definition
| medical model - psychological disorders are medical diseases with biological origins. biological origins- can be diagnosed, treated, and perhaps cured |
|
|
Term
| sociocultural approach to psychological disorders (SA-PD) |
|
Definition
| emphasis on larger social context (marriage and family, neighborhood and socioeconomic status, ethnicity, gender, and culture |
|
|
Term
| interactionist approach to psychological disorders (IA-PD) |
|
Definition
| the biopsychosocial model - biological factors, psychological factors, sociocultural factors |
|
|
Term
| factors of psychological disorders |
|
Definition
| biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors combine in unique ways to produce a normal and abnormal behavior |
|
|
Term
| DSM-IV Classification System |
|
Definition
| started with the US census in 1840. category for idiocy/insanity |
|
|
Term
| DSM-IV Classification System |
|
Definition
| DSM-I created in 1952 by psychiatrists. DSm-V due in 2012. |
|
|
Term
| advantages of DSM-IV Classification System |
|
Definition
| provides a common basis for communication |
|
|
Term
| disadvantages for DSM-IV Classification System |
|
Definition
| labels can have a stigmatizing effect. "You're sick!" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) estimates 26.2% of Americans 18 and older suffer from a diagnosable disorder in a given year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distressing, persistent anxiety and/or maladaptive behaviors that produce anxiety |
|
|
Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) |
|
Definition
| Persistent anxiety for AT LEAST 6 months. inability to specify reasons for anxiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror that often occur without warning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation |
|
|
Term
| Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) |
|
Definition
| Persistent anxiety-provoking thoughts and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors |
|
|
Term
| Post-Traumatic Stress DIsorder (PTSD) |
|
Definition
| A variety of symptoms may develop as a result of exposure to a traumatic event, oppressive situation, natural or unnatural disasters, including flashbacks, constricted ability to feel emotions, excessive arousal, difficulties with memory and concentration, feelings of apprehension, and impulsive outbursts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Marked by a distinct lack of pleasure in life. Symptoms: cognitive , behavioral, or physical symptoms; interpersonal difficulties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, behaviors that characterize an individual. Consistency, uniqueness, whole person. |
|
|
Term
| psychoanalytic theory (Sigmund Freud) |
|
Definition
| childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality. children displace their sexual feelings into something else (fear of horse biting you) made conscious through therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| errors in speech that reveal unconscious thoughts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Instincts, reservoir of psychic energy, pleasure principle, EVERYTHING IS IMMEDIATE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deals with the demands of reality, reality principle, mediator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| am i a good person? Conscious-right/wrong? Ego ideal-internalized ideals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conflict between the ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO results in anxiety. Defense mechanisms reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| foundation for all defense mechanisms. push unacceptable impulses out of awareness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Offers self-justifying explanations in place of real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions. (Ex: Cheated on taxes-otherwise military will spend it...) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person. (Ex: angry boss) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transform unwanted impulses to something acceptable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disguise your own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. (Ex: you are attracted to someone new, but you accuse your boyfriend/girlfriend of being unfaithful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Switch unacceptable impulse into their opposites. (Ex: actually hate your baby brother, but you buy amazing gifts for him to prove your love. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency state, genital state, fixation (OAPLGF) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 0-18 months. Infants pleasure center is the mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 18-36 months. A child's pleasure involves eliminative functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3-6 years. Child's pleasure focuses on the genticals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 6 years-puberty. Psychic "time out". Interest in sexuality repressed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adolescence and adulthood. Sexual reawakening. Source of sexual pleasure is someone else. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Remain locked in earlier development stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Horney's sociocultural approach |
|
Definition
| both sexes envy in place of penis envy. (Ex: womb envy in place of penis envy) Need for security, not sex, is primary motivator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collective unconcious. Archetypes (Mother, father, Family, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| Alder's individual Psychology |
|
Definition
| Perfection, not pleasure, is primary motivation |
|
|
Term
| American Psychological Association (APA) |
|
Definition
| argues against "cookbook" approaches to treat a psychological condition |
|
|
Term
| Association for Psychological Science (APS) |
|
Definition
| argues that clinical practices should rely on empirically verified techniques |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TALK THERAPY: there are roughly 400 different varieties including psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, behavioral, and biological |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treatments to reduce or eliminate symptoms by altering the way the brain functions. include drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy [ECT), and psychosurgery |
|
|
Term
| Drug Therapy - Anti-Anxiety Drugs |
|
Definition
| used to teat panic disorder and generalized anxiety. Often Benzodiazepines (Ex: Valium, Xanax) Generally inhibit neural activity. Sedation is a common side effect. Anxiety rebound possible. Physical dependancy likely. |
|
|
Term
| Drug Therapy - Antidepressant Drugs |
|
Definition
| Tricycles, Monamine Oxidase (MAO) inhibiters. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibiters (SSRI's). Works by increasing serotonin at the synapse (Ex: prozac, zoloft, common SSRI's |
|
|
Term
| Drug Therapy - Antipsychotic Drugs |
|
Definition
| "Major Tranquilizers," neuraleptics, Atypical antipsychotic medications. All tend to block dopamine; some more selectively than others. Lots of side effects - 2/3 of those in clinical trials discontinued use |
|
|
Term
| Electroconvulsive Therapy |
|
Definition
| small electric current produces a brief seizure. Used to treat Major Depressive Disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prefrontal lobotomies. Done on an outpatient basis in some cases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anti-Anxiety Drugs, Antidepressant Drugs, and Antipsychotic Drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Helps people recognize, define, and overcome psychological and interpersonal difficulties |
|
|
Term
| Psychodynamic Therapies - Sigmund Freud |
|
Definition
| Emphasizes unconscious mind, early childhood experiences and therapeutic interpretation. Recognizes maladaptive coping strategies and identifies sources of unconscious conflicts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focuses on the symptoms rather than the causes |
|
|
Term
| Behavior Therapies - Classical Conditioning Techniques |
|
Definition
| Counterconditioning, Systematic Desensitization (develop hierarchy of fears, learn to relax instead of feeling anxious,) and Aversive Conditioning (Noxious Stimuli paired with conditioned stimulus-hot sauce on thumb) |
|
|
Term
| Operant Conditioning Techniques - Flooding |
|
Definition
| Intense exposure to fear-provoking situations without escape. Eventually you will no longer be afraid |
|
|
Term
| Operant Conditioning Techniques - Token Economy |
|
Definition
| You can collect something that can be exchanged for something else (Grades, money, etc.) Appropriate behavior is reinforced with tokens which can be exchanged for desired rewards. This is used in classrooms and mental hospitals, and can also be used for punishments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thoughts intervene between events and emotions. Some forms of thinking are more adaptive, & some are less. Some ways of behaving are more adaptive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to change the way you think |
|
|
Term
| Ellis's Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy |
|
Definition
| irrational and self-defeating beliefs are harmful. Directive, Persuasive Confrontational |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kinder form. Illogical thoughts lead to psychological problems. Challenging accuracy of automatic thoughts. Less directive, reflective, open-ended dialogue. Cognitive triad. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Expect the worst of themselves, 2) Expect the worst of the world, 3) Expect the worst of the future |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by highly disordered thought processes. Mind is split from reality. |
|
|
Term
| David L. Rosen Experiment |
|
Definition
| i hear voices that say "Empty, Dull, Thud," discharged with schizophrenia in remission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Positive symptoms: Hallucinations (auditory) and delusions - thought disorders and disorders of movement. Negative Symptoms: Flat effect, slow speech. Cognitive symptoms: Attention difficulties & memory problems. Impaired ability to make decisions |
|
|
Term
| Types of Schizophrenia - Paranoid |
|
Definition
| Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often w/ themes of persecution or grandiosity (God). |
|
|
Term
| Etiology of Schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| Biological Factors=Heredity, structural brain abnormalities (loss of gray matter, oversized ventricals) Neurotransmitter deregulation |
|
|
Term
| Personality Disorder - Diagnosis & Symptoms |
|
Definition
| Chronic, maladaptive cognitive behavioral patterns that are integrated into personality. Often recognizable by adolescence. Difficult to treat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| odd/eccentric, dramatic, emotionally problomatic. Chronic fearfulness/avoident |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| paradoid - distrust and suspicion. schizoid - detatched and emotionally distant. Schizotypical - odd, unconventional, socially isolating. |
|
|
