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| a view that behavior and mental processes result from genes, hormones, anatomical structures, and the physiological process of the body. |
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| suggests that behavior is motivated by mental processes such as thought, language, and problem solving. |
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| the study of behavior that is observed and measurable in a scientific way. |
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| Psychoanalytic perspective |
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| unconscious desires motivates our thoughts and desires. Our psyche is like an iceberg, with most of it under "water" or unconscious. |
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| Teaches that man is basically good and motivated to better themselves. |
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| emphasized perception as more than just the sum of the parts(elements of sensation). |
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| measures how different variables relate to each other |
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| correlation is not causation |
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| variable which is manipulated |
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| variable which is measured |
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| the cell body, the metabolic center of the neuron |
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| contains the DNA of the cell |
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| receives information from other neurons |
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| swelling at the beginning of the Axon where summation occurs |
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| sends information to receiving neurons |
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| insulation for the axon, speeds up transmission of action potentials |
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| gaps between myelin sheath which jump start the speed of the neural transmission |
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| Axon terminal buttons (synaptic knobs) |
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| release chemicals during a synapes |
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| the ion channels open and close segment by segment causing the action potential to move along the axon |
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| Any stimulation beyond a certain level coming into a neuron produces a sudden, massive depolarization of the membrane. |
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| results from a difference in distribution of various ions between the inside and outside of the membrane. (The positive charge is greater on the outside of the cell than on the inside.) |
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| excites and inhibits learning, attention, movement, and reinforcement. |
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| plays role in regulating mood, sleep, impulsivity, aggression and appetite. |
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| affects eating habits, alertness, and wakefulness. Predominant in fear. |
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| Causes surges of energy. Predominant in fear. |
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| signals that your body is feeling pain |
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| are the body's natural painkillers |
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| process where the chemical neurotransmitters separate from the sending neuron and bind to receptors on the receiving neuron |
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| increase in melatonin increases sleepiness. It's synthesized in the pineal gland. Need darkness to be produced. |
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| Sleep spindles(burst of waves lasting at least a half second), K- complexs(sharp high amplitude, negative wave followed by a smaller, slower positive wave). |
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| Stage of Sleep: Pre-sleep and meditation |
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| (Random Eye Movement) Mostly Beta waves- dream sleep |
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| because we produce beta waves when we are in REM sleep and while awake. |
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| A condition in which one needs a drug to function cognitively and emotionally. |
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| a condition in which one's body needs the drug to function |
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| Repair and Restoration Theory |
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Definition
| the main function sleep is to enable the body to repair itself after the exertions of the day |
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Definition
| We evolved a need to sleep to force us to conserve energy when we would be relatively inefficient and to protect us from nocturnal predators |
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| inability to breathe while sleeping. Causes: obesity and brain mechanisms for respirations fail to work. |
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| Dreams reflect unconscious desires and wishes especially those involving sex and aggression. To protect us our mind transforms these desires that appear in our dreams. |
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| 3 types of drug tolerance |
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Definition
| metabolic, cellular, and learned |
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| Activation-Synthesis Dream Theory |
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Definition
| dreaming represents random and meaningless firing of neurons in the brain. the pos sends random nerve impulse to the cortex which attempt to make sense of them. reflects our past experiences and our perspective on the world. |
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| how cocaine affects our nervous system |
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Definition
| produces enhanced mod, alertness, increased activity, decreased appetite and dimished fatigue. blocks of dopamine |
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| how caffeine affects the nervous system |
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Definition
| increases heart rate and constricts blood vessels in the brain decreasing blood supply. |
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| how MDMA- ecstasy affects the nervous system |
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| brain damage produced by ecstasy |
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| organisms are motivated to reduce their drives by satisfying their needs |
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| innate tendencies or biological forces that determine behavior |
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| when environmental factors, such as external stimuli, reinforcers, or rewards motivate our behavior |
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| cognitive theory of motivation- extrinsic motivation |
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Definition
| engaging in certain behaviors that reduce biological or provide rewards (i.e. coloring for a grade) |
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| cognitive theory of motivation- intrinsic motivation |
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Definition
| engaging in certain behaviors because the behavior is personally rewarding (i.e. coloring for pleasure) |
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| peripheral cues for hunger (PNS)- stomach |
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Definition
| stomach- stretch receptors activate when stomach is distended sending signals to stop eating. |
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| peripheral cues for hunger (PNS)- liver |
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Definition
| monitors glucose, when levels falls, signals hunger, when levels rise, it signals fullness |
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| peripheral cues for hunger (PNS)- intestines |
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Definition
| when fat is in the intestine secretes a hormone called CCK which inhibits eating |
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| peripheral cues for hunger (PNS)- fat cells |
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| secrete a hormone leptin which signals a person to stop eating- certain level of body fat |
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Definition
| electrical stimulation of this causes a rat to start eating. after damaging this area, the animal will refuse to eat, slowly recover its ability to eat and drink but never to a normal degree |
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| ventromedial hypothalamus |
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Definition
| stimulating this area causes rats to stop eating. Lesions to the VMH lead to overeating and weight gain that is due to eating more frequently than normal. |
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| neurotransmitter int hypothalamus that stimulates eating fat |
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| neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus that stimulates eating carbohydrates |
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| Schacter- Singer cognitive theory |
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Definition
| we identify the emotion we are experiencing by using the context of the situation |
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Definition
| the sensations or feedback from the movement of your facial muslces and the skin are interpreted by your brain as different emotions |
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Definition
| our brains interpret specific physiological changes as feelings or emotions and that there is a different physiological pattern underlying each emotion |
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| affectiveness- primacy theory |
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| in some situations you feel an emotion before you have time to cognitively appraise the situation |
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| plays an important role in emotion. activated by fear of threat |
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| stimulates the release of Mullerian inhibiting substance in males and the Wolffien system develops |
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| androgen insensitivity syndrome |
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Definition
| a genetically male fetus develops as female. caused by a mutation to the androgen receptor gene. release normal amounts of androgen but they cannot respond to them. |
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Definition
| deficiency in cortisol and excess adrenol hyperactivity |
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| 3 forms of marital conflict |
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Definition
| avoidant conflict style, volatile conflict style, validating conflict style |
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| couples avoid conflict and agree to disagree |
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| couples have very passionate fights which may include yelling screaming and name calling but when they are not fighting they are equally passionate in showing their affection. |
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| validating conflict style |
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| couples engage in active listening and truly try to understand each other's feelings in order to reach a compromise |
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| percentage of genetics to homosexual orientation |
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| occurs when the tissues swell with blood during sexual excitement. It occurs in different parts of the body such as the penis, the testicles, the breasts and the vulva area. |
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Definition
| muscle tension experienced during sexual excitement in multiple parts of the body such as the feet, the legs, the arms, and the face |
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| 4 phase of sexual response cycle |
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| excitement phase, plateau phase, orgasm, resolution phase |
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| a compulsive and sometimes destructive deviation in sexual preference ad behavior |
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| viral, bacterial, and fungal |
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| frustration, hassles, pressures, conflict, life threatening catastrophic event, life adjustment events |
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| obstacles prevents you from reaching your goal |
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| small annoying inconviences in life |
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| when one feels threatened by a negative situation |
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| when two or more motives clash with each other |
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| life threatening catastrophic event |
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| an extremely traumatic event |
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| approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance, double approach-avoidance. |
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| approach-approach conflict |
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Definition
| need to pick between two pleasurable goals that are equal in value |
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| avoidance-avoidance conflict |
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Definition
| choice between two or more unpleasurable options that can result in displeasing consequences, and you must choose one of the options |
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| approach-avoidance conflict |
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Definition
| when your reach a positive goal that has an unpleasurable outcome |
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| double approach-avoidance conflict |
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Definition
| when you find it difficult to decide between options that have both pleasurable and unpleasurable outcomes. |
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| general adaptation syndrome |
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Definition
| the body's way of dealing with stressors- includes alarm, resistance and exhaustion stages |
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Definition
| the body reacts to a threatening situation by stimulating the release of adrenaline & CRF (immune and digestive system shuts down.) |
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| the body's source become drained, increase in cortisol |
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| the body's organs and immune system become weakened and damaged |
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| internal locus of control |
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Definition
| one feels in control of his/her behavior and consequences from the environment |
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| an ongoing belief that one has no power in controlling what happens in one's life |
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| those who have more available social support are better able to handle stress |
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| type a (driven personality) vs. type b (laid back personality) ability to deal with stress |
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Definition
| type a more prone to stress |
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| stress management techniques (8) |
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Definition
| positive pyschology (application of the science of happines), yoga, relaxation response, biofeedback, massage therapy, TM (block out negative thoughts and feelings), exercise, nutrition |
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