Term
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Definition
| the long-lasting emotional bonds that infants develop toward their principal caregivers |
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Term
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Definition
| infants that explore the room and toys confidently when their mother is present but then become upset and explore the room less when their mother is absent; show pleasure when mother returns |
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Definition
| infant that avoids the mother and seems to act coldly toward her |
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Definition
| infant that does not avoid the mother but continues to cry and fret despite attempts to be comforted |
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Term
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Definition
| form of verbal reasoning in which the parent induces the child to think about the harmful consequences of the child's actions |
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Term
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Definition
| use of physical force, punishment or (less often) rewards or bribes to control a child's behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when parents express disapproval of a child, rather than just the child's specific action |
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Term
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Definition
| parents strongly value obedience for its own sake and use a high degree of power assertion to control their children |
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Term
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Definition
| parents are less concerned with obedience for its own sake and more concerned that their children learn and abide by basic principles of right and wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| parents are most tolerant of their children's disruptive actions and least likely to discipline them at all |
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Term
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Definition
| transition period from childhood to adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| to give up one's childhood identity and establish a new identity |
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Term
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Definition
| elderly people gradually and by choice withdraw from active involvement with the world around them and attend increasingly to their subjective inner worlds |
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Term
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Definition
| elderly people prefer to remain active and pointing to evidence that those who are most involved are the happiest |
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Term
| occupational self-direction |
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Definition
| complex, varied and no closely supervised by anyone else in relation to jobs |
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Term
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Definition
| claim about the cause of someone's behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| assigns causality to factors within the person (disposition) |
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Term
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Definition
| assigns causality to an outside factor (situational) |
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Term
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Definition
| when people tend to to give too much weight to personality and not enough to the environmental situation (in contrast to situation bias) |
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Term
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Definition
| physically attractive people are known as commonly judged to be more intelligent and moral |
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Term
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Definition
| the organized set of knowledge or beliefs that we carry in our heads about any group of people |
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Term
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Definition
| a cognition that represents a positive or negative evaluation of an object, event or idea |
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Term
| cognitive dissonance theory |
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Definition
| proposes the people have a motivational drive to reduce uncomfortable feelings by changing their attitudes and behaviors or by rationalizing them |
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Term
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Definition
| a relatively stable predisposition to behave in a certain way |
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Term
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Definition
| underlying source for the surface behaviors we think of as personality |
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Term
| Big Five personality factors |
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Definition
| neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness |
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Term
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |
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Definition
| step towards remedying the issue of diagnosing fuzzy mental disorders; standard system of for labeling and diagnosing mental disorders |
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Term
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Definition
an intense irrational fear that is very clearly related to a particular category of object or event
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Term
| systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| used to overcome phobias; gradually exposing people to the phobic object until they can tolerate it |
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