Term
| Shallow Levels of Processing |
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Definition
| We are only somewhat aware of the information and retain little to none of the meory |
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Term
| Deep Levels of Processing |
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Definition
| When we do something with the information, such as adding meaning, developing organization and associations, relating it to things we know, storing that memory for a lifetime. |
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Term
| Elaborative Rehearsal Strategies |
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Definition
| Expanding(or elaborating on) the information
Actively exploring and question new information
Finding Meaningfulness |
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Term
| Steps of the Three-Stage Memory Model |
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Definition
| 1. Sensory Memory Storage
2. Short-term Memory(STM) Storage
3. Long-Term Memory (LTM) Storage |
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Term
| Purpose, Duration, and Capacity of Sensory Memory Storage |
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Definition
| Purpose: Holds sensory information
Duration: Lasts up to 1/2 sec for visual; 2-4 sec for auditory
Capacity: Large |
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Term
| Purpose, Duration, and Capacity of Short-Term Memory Storage |
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Definition
| Purpose: Holds information temporarily for analysis and retrieves information from LTM
Duration: Up to 30 sec without rehearsal
Capacity: Limited 5-9 Items |
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Term
| Purpose, Duration, and Capacity of Long-Term Memory Storage |
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Definition
| Purpose: Receives and stores information from STM
Duration: Relatively permanent
Capacity: Relatively Unlimited |
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Term
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Definition
| First Memory Stage that holds sensory information; relatively large capacity, but duration is only a few seconds |
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Term
| What is the duration and storage capacity of Iconic Memory? |
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Definition
| Duration: one-half of a second
Storage: Large Capacity |
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Term
| Does short-term memory send information to, and receive information from, long term memory? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can you extend the duration of STM? |
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Definition
| Consciously and continuously repeating the information over and over again |
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Term
| How can you extend the capacity of STM? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is STM called the "working memory"? |
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Definition
| Because short-term memory is active, or working, researchers prefer this term. It helps visually picture STM as a "Workbench" with a "Worker" who selectively attends and sends information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Third stage of memory that stores information for long periods of time |
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Term
| In which stage of memory are hierarchies used? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the key to accurate storage and retrieval in long-term memory? |
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Definition
| Organization and Retrieval cues |
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Term
| Explicit/Declarative Memory |
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Definition
| Subsystem with long-term memory that consciously stores facts, information, and personal life experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Subsystem of explicit/declarative memory that stores general knowledge; a mental encyclopedia or dictionary |
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Term
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Definition
| Subsystem of explicit/declarative memory that stores memories at personally experienced events; a mental diary of a person's life |
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Term
| Implicit (Non-declarative) Memory |
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Definition
| Subsystem within long-term memory consisting of unconscious procedural skills and simple classically conditioned responses |
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Term
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Definition
| Clue or prompt that helps stimulate recall or retrieval of a stored piece of information from long-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Retrieving memory using a generic cue |
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Term
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Definition
| Retrieving memory using a specific cue |
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Term
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Definition
| Prior exposure to a stimulus facilitates or inhibits the processing of new information, even when one has no conscious memory of the initial learning or storage |
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Term
| Encoding Specificity Principle |
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Definition
| Retrieval of information is improved when conditions of recovery are similar to the conditions in when the information was encoded. |
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Term
| Encoding Specificity Principle |
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Definition
| Retrieval of information is improved when conditions of recovery are similar to the conditions when information was encoded |
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Term
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Definition
| 1885-Official Study of learning and Forgetting Subject: Himself, calculated how long it took to learn a list of three-letter nonsense syllables such as SIB and RAL. Results:One hour-44% remembered. One day-35% remembered. Week-21%. Developed Forgetting Curve |
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Term
| The Ideal time to Practice Memory |
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Definition
| When you are about to forget |
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Term
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Definition
| Commonsense assumption that memory, like all biological processes, degrades with time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Suggests that forgetting is caused by competing memories |
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Term
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Definition
| Memories in LTM aren't forgotten, they're just momentarily inaccessible. |
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Term
| Motivated Forgetting Theory |
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Definition
| We inhibit retrieval of embarrassing, fear motivated memories. |
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Term
| Proactive Interference and Example |
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Definition
| Occurs when old information interferes with new information
EX: HS Spanish Class interferes with French College Class |
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Term
| Retroactive Interference and Example |
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Definition
| Occurs when new information occurs with old information
EX: Learning new phone number over old phone number |
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Term
| Mass VS Distributed Practice |
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Definition
| Distributed refers to spacing your learning periods with rest periods between sessions, while mass practice is where time spent learning is massed in long time periods, such as cramming. |
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Term
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Definition
| Long-Lasting increase in neural excitability, which may be a biological mechanism for learning and memory |
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Term
| Long-Term Potentiation - How it happens |
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Definition
| 1. Repeated stimulation of a synapse can strengthen the synapse by causing the dendrites to grow
2. The ability of a particular neuron to release or accept neurotransmitters can be increased or decreased |
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Term
| Do Hormones affect memory? Why? |
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Definition
| Yes, because extreme arousal and stress hormones can interfere with both the formation and retrieval of memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forgetting the true source of memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Procedure: Participants watched a film of a car driving through the country-side and then asked to estimate the speed going past the barn(non-existent).
Result: Barn questioned were 6x more likely to report a barn than those who hadn't been asked about a barn |
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Term
| How do Judges handle eyewitness testimony? |
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Definition
| They allow expert testimony on the unreliability of eyewitness testimony |
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Term
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Definition
| Pay attention and reduce interference
Use rehearsal techniques
Use the encoding specificity principle
Improve your organization
Counteract the serial-position effect
Manage your time
Employ self-monitoring and overlearning |
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