Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Psych 1000, Modules 18-23
Memorial University
58
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/19/2016

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Developmental Psychology
Definition
the study of changes in behaviour and mental processes over time and the factors that influence the course of those constancies and changes
Term
Cross-Sectional Design
Definition
a research approach that compares groups of different-aged people to one another
Term
Cohort
Definition
any group of people born at the same time
Term
Longitudinal Design
Definition
a research approach that follows the same people over a period of time by administering the same tasks or questionnaires and seeing how their responses change
Term
Cohort-Sequential Design
Definition
blended cross-sectional and longitudal research, designed to look at how individuals from different age groups compare to one another and to follow them over time
Term
Maturation
Definition
the unfolding of development in a particular sequence and time frame
Term
Epigenetic
Definition
changes in gene expression that are independent of the DNA sequence of the gene
Term
Stage
Definition
a distinct developmental phase in which organisms behave, think, or respond in a particular way that is qualitatively different from the way they responded before
Term
Quantitative change
Definition
Changes the magnitude of a trait/behaviour
Term
Qualitative change
Definition
Changes the type of trait/behaviour entirely
Term
Critical Periods
Definition
points in development where an organism is extremely sensitive to environmental input, making it easier for the organism to acquire certain brain functions and behaviours.
- May encourage or discourage the development
Term
Imprinting
Definition
Believing something other than a biological mother to be ones mother
Term
Prenatal Period
Definition
the period of development from conception to birth
Term
Genes
Definition
basic building blocks of our biological inheritance
Term
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Definition
molecules in which genetic information is enclosed
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
strands of DNA; each human being has 46 chromosomes, distributed in pairs
Term
Genotype
Definition
a person's genetic inheritance
Term
Phenotype
Definition
the observable manifestation of a person's genetic inheritance
Term
Alleles
Definition
variations of a gene
Term
Homozygous
Definition
both parents contribute the same genetic material for a particular trait
Term
Heterozygous
Definition
parents contribute two different alleles to offspring.
Term
Dominant Trait
Definition
a trait that is expressed in a phenotype, no matter whether the genotype is homozygous or heterozygous for that trait
Term
Recessive Trait
Definition
a trait that is only expressed if a person carries the same two genetic alleles (ie. is homozygous)
Term
Dominant Trait
Definition
a trait that is expressed in a phenotype, no matter whether the genotype is homozygous or heterozygous for that trait
Term
Recessive Trait
Definition
a trait that is only expressed if a person carries the same two genetic alleles (ie. is homozygous)
Term
Codominance
Definition
in a heterozygous combination of alleles, both traits are expressed in the offspring
Term
Discrete Traits
Definition
a trait that results as the product of a singe gene pairing
Term
Polygenic Traits
Definition
a trait that manifests as the result of the contribution of many genes
Term
Zygote
Definition
a single cell resulting from successful fertilization of the egg by sperm
Term
Blastocyst
Definition
The term used for what was the "zygote" about 4 days after conception
Term
Placenta
Definition
a nutrient-rich structure that serves to feed the developing fetus
Term
Stages of Prenatal Development
Definition
Conception
1. Germinal Stage (0-2 weeks)
2. Embryonic Stage (2-8 weeks)
3. Fetal Stage (9-40 weeks)
Term
Miscarriage
Definition
Discharge of the fetus from the uterus before it is able to function on its own
Term
Teratogens
Definition
any environmental agent that caused damage during gestation
Term
Proximodistal pattern
Definition
a pattern in which growth and development proceed from the centre to the extremities
Term
Cephalocaudal Pattern
Definition
a pattern in which growth and development proceed from top to bottom
Term
Synaptic Pruning
Definition
developmental reduction of neuronal connections, allowing stronger connections to flourish.
Term
Rooting
Definition
Common Newborn Reflex
- When touching an infants cheek, they will turn their head toward the stimulation and begin to suck.
- Helps infant to begin feeding
Term
Grasping
Definition
Common Newborn Reflex
- When pressing finger against an infants palm, they will grasp the finger and hold on.
- Allows infant to hold onto caregiver for safety
Term
Moro
Definition
Common Newborn Reflex
- Upon being startled, the infant will fling arms outwards and then inwards in a hugging motion.
- May help infant to hold onto caregiver when support is lost
Term
Babinski
Definition
Common Newborn Reflex
- When stroking newborns foot, the infant will spread their toes apart.
- Function unknown
Term
Scheme
Definition
Piaget's proposed mental structures or frameworks for understanding or thinking about the world.
Term
Assimilation
Definition
- One of two ways of acquiring knowledge according to Piaget
- The inclusion of new information or experiences into pre-existing schemes.
Term
Accomodation
Definition
- One of two ways of acquiring knowledge according to Piaget
- Alteration of pre-existing mental frameworks to take in new information
Term
Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development
Definition
1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational
3. Concrete Operational
4. Formal operational
Term
Object Permanence
Definition
an infant's realization that objects continue to exist even when they are outside of immediate sensory awareness
Term
Sensorimotor Stage
Definition
- One of Piaget's 4 States of Cognitive Development
- Ages 0-2
- Uses senses and motor skills
- Eventually develops object permanence
- Minimal thought beyond immediate experience
Term
Preoperational Stage
Definition
- One of Piaget's 4 Stages of Cognitive Development
- Ages 2-7
- Unable to consider another's point of view when different from ones own (egocentric)
- Do not understand that not all things are living (animistic)
- Able to hold memories, or representations, of objects in mind and work with them as ideas
Term
Egocentrism
Definition
Flaws in children's reasoning based on their inability to take another person's perspective
Term
Conservation
Definition
the understanding that certain properties of an object (such as volume or number) remain the same despite changes in the object's outward appearance.
Term
Concrete Operational Stage
Definition
- One of Piaget's 4 Stages of Cognitive Development
- Ages 7 - 11
- Children are able to talk about complex relationships, such as categorization and cause and effect
- Still limited to understanding ideas in terms of real-world relationships
Term
Operations
Definition
Piaget's description of children's ability to hold an idea in their mind and mentally manipulate it.
Term
Formal Operational Stage
Definition
- One of Piaget's 4 Stages of Cognitive Development
- Ages 11+
- Achieve hypothetical deductive reasoning and the ability to think abstractly
Term
Violation-of-Expectation
Definition
An experimental approach capitalizing on infants' and toddlers' heightened reactions to an unexpected event.
Term
Habituation
Definition
the process of habituating, in which individuals pay less attention to a stimulus after it is presented to them over and over again
Term
Theory of Mind
Definition
an awareness of one's own mental states and the mental states of others.
Term
Scaffolding
Definition
developmental adjustments that adults make to give children the help that they need, but not so much that they fail to move forward.
Term
Zone of Proximal Development
Definition
the gab between what a child could accomplish alone and what the child can accomplish with help from others
Supporting users have an ad free experience!