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| first person to announce their intentions of making psychology a science. Created Structuralism |
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| one of Wundt's students; went on to work towards "modern" psychology in Canada |
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| The Three Early Psychologies |
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| structuralism, functionalism and psychoanalysis |
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| created by Wundt. An early psychological approach that encouraged people to analyze immediate experience into basic elements (for instance, eating an orange then breaking it down by tastes such as bitterness, tartness, etc) |
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| an approach that emphasized the purpose of behavior, rather than its analysis or description |
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| one of the leaders in functionalism. made the "self-as-knower" theory-->the inner sense of being a distinct person. |
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| theory of personality created by Sigmund Freud |
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| focuses on how bodily events (things such as hormones and electrical impulses) affect behavior, thought and feelings |
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| This perspective focuses on how experience and the environment affect someone's behavior |
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| a person who studies environmental rewards & punishments that either encourage or discourage specific behaviors |
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| emphasizes the need to understand what goes on in people's heads- how do people reason, remember, form moral values & beliefs, etc? This is one of the strongest forces in psychology. |
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| Sociocultural Perspective |
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| this perspective emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior |
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| Psychodynamic Perspective |
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| this perspective deals with unconscious dynamics within the individual-->inner conflict. Tries to dig below the surface of someone's behavior to find the unconscious roots |
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| The Root of the Psychodynamic Perspective |
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| Freud's psychoanalytic theory |
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| a precise definition of a term in a hypothesis |
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| allow researchers to describe & predict behavior. Does not provide an explanation for behavior. |
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| A type of descriptive method. detailed description of one individual, who is studied in detail on things like their childhood,dreams,fantasies etc. Intend to find answers on specific things. |
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| a descriptive method in which the researcher observes and records information without disturbing the person/people being studied. Behavior is "measured" & recorded systematically. Can sometimes take place in a laboratory. |
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| the subject is observed in their normal social environment |
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| a descriptive method; procedures for measuring & evaluating personality, emotions, aptitudes, abilities and interests. Require people to answer a series of questions. |
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| measure beliefs, feelings or behaviors of which the individual being tested is aware. |
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| tests that tap into unconscious feelings. |
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| tests that are uniform and provide a score in the end. |
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| the criteria of a test where if you give the same test twice, the results should be consistent. Drawback is that people tend to do better the second time bc it is familiar. |
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| Alternate-forms reliability |
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| giving different versions of the same test on seperate occasions. Context of each test is similar but not identical. |
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| criteria that a test must meet in that it measures what it was designed to measure |
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| the test measures what its designers intended it to measure |
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| ability of a test to predict independent criteria of the trait in question |
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| a descriptive method; questionnaires and interviews that ask people directly about their experiences, attitudes and opinions. |
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| a descriptive method; looks for a distinct relationship between two variables. |
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| When one variable has high values, the other has high values. When one variable has low values, the other has low values. |
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| when one variable has high values, the other has low values & vice versa. |
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| the statistic used to express Correlation; ranges from -1.0 (perfect negative correlation) to 1.0 (perfect positive correlation) |
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| a psychological method in which a controlled test of a hypothesis, where one variable is manipulated to test another variable, is performed. |
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| the variable that is predicted to be affected by the manipulation of the other variable. |
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| these participants are exposed to the manipulation of the independent variable |
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| A group of participants who aren't exposed to the manipulation of the independent variable. |
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| Finding a large group of people with similar, certain characteristics and dividing them randomly. This is a method to ensure that the control group & experimental group are similar in age, education, health and other related characteristics |
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| an inactive or fake substance/treatment given to the CONTROL GROUP. The use of this enables the experimenter to draw accurate comparisons between control&experimental groups. i.e, fake (nicotine-free) cigarettes |
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| when participants don't know whether they are in the experimental or control group. |
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| Demonstrated the importance of experimenter effects (i.e, who's "in the know" about the details of the experiment) |
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| an experiment in which neither the participants or experimenters know which group is the control and which is the experimental. |
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| the numbers that sum up data. Often in the form of graphs & charts. |
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| when analyzing the results of an experiment, this tells us how clustered or spread out the individual scores are around the mean. The more spread out, the less typical the mean is. |
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| participants of different ages are compared at a given time |
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| the ethical standard that all human participants must be participating voluntarily, and be given enough info about the study to make an informed decision. |
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| consists of the brain and spinal chord; deals with sensory information (smell, sight etc) |
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| Peripheral Nervous System |
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| handles input & output from the brain&spinal chord; carries messages from receptors to muscles/glands/organs. Divides Further into two parts: The Somatic NS and the Autonomic NS |
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| bodily nervous system; allows you to sense & feel the world around you, allows you to move. |
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| self-governing NS; regulates internal organs and glands. Further divides into the Parasympathetic & Sympathetic NS |
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| kicks in during times of stress, fear, or danger. Makes you blush, sweat, release adrenalin, heartrate increase. |
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| slows the body down and allows for energy conservation. Operates during relaxed states |
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| cells that nourish and support neurons |
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| the brain's flexibility to adapt to new experience |
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| part of the brain that regulates movement and balance |
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| the "relay-station" of the brain. sends messages to the cerebral cortex and processes all senses except smell. |
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| involved in emotions and vital bodily drives like hunger & thirst & reproduction; regulates the Autonomic NS |
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| stores new information in memory. |
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| in charge of most sensory, motor & cognitive processes. Divided into the left & right hemispheres, which are connected by the ______. |
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| responsible for higher mental functions. Composed of grey matter. Contains lobes for sensory info. |
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| located within the Cerebal Cortex, this is the part of the brain responsible for vision. |
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located within the Cerebal Cortex, this is the part of the brain responsible for pressure, pain, touch & temperature.
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located within the Cerebal Cortex, this is the part of the brain responsible for hearing.
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located within the Cerebal Cortex, this is the part of the brain responsible for short-term memory & social judgement.
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| part of the temporal lobes; responsible for language comprehension |
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| part of the frontal lobes; responsible for speech production |
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| detecting physical energy being emmited or reflected by physical objects; sensed by receptors in the skin. |
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| the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. |
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| a condition where stimulation of one sense also stimulates another. |
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| where sensation begins; these convert stimulus into electrical impulse. |
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| Smallest quantity of physical energy that can be detected. |
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| Smallest noticeable difference in stimulation when comparing 2 stimuli. |
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| argues that responses in a tection task consist of both a sensory and a decision process, and vary based on the person's motivation,mental state etc |
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| when stimulation is unchanging |
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| when there is too much stimulation. |
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| when there is not enough stimulation. |
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| receives info from rods & cones and sends it onto the brain (makes a visual experience) |
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| describes the brain's organization of sensory info into meaningful units. the idea that the brain has self-organizing tendencies. "The whole is greater than the sum of parts" |
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| part of how we localize objects; requires two eyes. |
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| part of how we localize objects; only requires one eye. |
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| tiny hair cells in the basilar membrane of the cochlea; = the receptors for hearing |
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| the experience of pain depends on whether neural impulses pass a "gate" in the spinal chord, therefore entering the brain. |
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| a habitual way of perceiving; based on expectations. |
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