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| An objective description of how a research variable is going to be measured and observed. |
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| An idea that is arrived at logically from a theory. It is a prediction that can be tested. |
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| a sample that gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected. |
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| A research strategy that identifies the relationship between two or more variables in order to describe how these variables change together |
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| The situation where an extraneous variable that has not been measured accounts for the relationship between two others. |
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| A special kind of systematic observation that involves obtaining measures of the variables of interst in multiple waves over time. |
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| a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more variables believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other variables are held constant. |
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| the assignment of participants to research groups by chance |
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| The manipulated experimental factor in an experiment |
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| a factor that can change in an experiment in response to changes in the independent variable...aka...the independent variable's bitch. |
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| experimental vs. control group |
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| the experimental group is the group that has the manipulative factor...the control group is the exact same, but without that factor. This serves to distinguish what effect the factor will have. |
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| the extent to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable. (the true effects/results of the experiment) |
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| the extent to which an experimental design is representative of the real-world issues it is supposed to address....aka....that is, do the experimetnal methods and the results generalize to the real world. |
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| the influence of the experimenter's own expectations on the otucome of the research. |
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| the statisitical measure of central tendency that is calculated by adding all the scores in a set and then dividing by the number of scores...the average basically.... |
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| a statistical measure of variability that involves how much the scores vary, on the average, around the mean sample. |
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| descriptive vs. inferential statistics |
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Descriptive= mathmatical procedures that are used to describe and summarize sets of data in a meaningful way
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Mathmatical methods that are used to indicate whether data sufficiently support or confirm a research hypothesis. |
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| the brain and spinal cord |
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| the division of the PNS that communicates with the body's internal organs and monitors prcesses such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion. It consists of the sumpathetic and parasympathetic nervous systerms |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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| the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body |
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| parasympathetic nervous system |
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| the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body |
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| nerve cells that are specialized for processing information. Neurons are the basic units of the nervous system. |
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| branches of a neuron that receieve and orient information toward the cell body; most neurons have numerous dendrites |
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| the part of the neuron that carries information away from the cell body |
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| tiny junctions between tow neurons generally where the axon of one neuron meets the dendrites or cell body of another neuron. |
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| forebrain structure that functions as a relay station to sort information and sned it to appropriate areas in the forbrain for further integration and interpretation. |
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| small forebrain structure incolved in regulating eating drinking and sex: directing the endocrine system; and monitoring emotion, stress, and reward. |
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| highest level of the forebrain, where the highest mental functions, such as thinking and planning, take place |
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| the part of the cerebral cortex just behind the forehead that is involved in the control of voluntary muscles, intelligence, and personality. |
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| the portion of the cerebral cortex just above the ears that is involved in hearing, language processing and memory |
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| The part of the cortex at the back of the head that is involved in vision. |
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| area of the cortex at the top of the head that is involved in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control. |
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| an individuals' genetic heritage, his or her actual genetic material. |
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| the expression of an individual's genotype in observable, measureable characteristics |
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| the pattern of continuity and change in human capabiliteis that occurs throughout the course of life. |
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Nature is an organism's biological inheritance Nurture is an organism's environmental experiences |
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| a test of perception that involves giving an infant a choice of what object to look at and that is used to determin whether infants can distinguish between two objects |
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| decreased responiveness to a stim after repeated presentations. Habituation is used in infant research to examine if an infant can discriminate between an old stimulus and a new one |
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| an individual's incorporation of new information into existing knowledge |
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| an individual's adjustment of schema to new info. |
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| the close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver. |
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| the process of receiving stim energy from the environment |
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| the brain's process of organizing and interpreting sensory info to give it meaning. |
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| bottom-up vs. top down processing |
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Bottom up-Processing that begins with sensory receptors registering environmental information and sending it to the brain for analysis and interpretation top-down process of perceptual info that starts out with cognitive processing at the higher levels of the brain. |
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| specialized cells that detect stim info and transmit it to sensory (afferent) nerves and the brain |
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rods- are used for light perception Cones are for color |
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| binocular vs. monocular cues |
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| differences in size, height in the field of view, linear perspective, overlap, shading and texture change. |
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| awareness of external events and internal sensations, including awareness of the self and thoughts about one's experiences; this awareness occurs under a condition of arousal. |
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controlled vs. automatic processes |
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Controlled-most alert stats of consciousness in which individuals actively focus their efforts toward a goal Automared- state of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities. |
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| Freud's concept of a reservoir of unacceptable wishes, feelings, and thoughts that are beuond conscious awareness. |
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| a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience |
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| theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping |
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| learning by which neutral stims become associated with a meaningful stim and acquires the capacity to elict a similar response |
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| a stim that produces a response without prior learning. |
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| an unlearned response that is automatically elicited by unconditioned stims |
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| a previously neutral stim that eventually elicits the conditioned response after being associated with unconditioned stimulus |
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| the learned response to the conditioned stim that occurs after the pairing of a conditioned stim and an unconditioned stim |
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| the initial learning of the stim response link which involves a neutral stim being associated with an unconditioned stim and becoming the conditioned stim that elicits the conditioned response. |
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| the weakening of the conditioned response in the absence of the unconditioned stim |
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| also called instrumental conditioning a form of associative learning in which the consequences of behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurence. |
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| Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened wheras behaviors followed by negative out comes are weakened. |
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| rewarding approximations of a desired behavior |
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| the process by which a stim or event strengthens or increases the probability of a behavior or an event that it follows. |
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positive vs. negative reinforcement |
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Rewarding good behavior Removing the bad thing once condition is sat |
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schedules of reinforcement |
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| timetables that determine when a behavior will be reinforced |
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| species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others |
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| the retention of info over time through the processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval |
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encoding, storage, retrieval |
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Encoding-process the info gets into the memory storage Storage- Retention of info over time and the representation of info in the memory Retrieval-the process of taking info out of storage |
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| the view that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory mem, short-term, and long-term |
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| a three part system that temp holds info as people perform cognitive tasks. "Mental Workbench" |
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| relatively permanent type of memory that sotres huge amounts of info for a long time |
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| the conscious recollection of info such as specific facts or events and at least in humans info that can be verbally communicated |
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| the rentention of info about the where, when, and what of life's happenings. |
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| person's knowledge about the world |
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| memory which behavior is affected by prior experience without that experience being consciously recollected. |
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| a type of implicit memory process involving the activation of info that people already have in storage to help them remember the new info better and faster. |
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| the way in which info is processed and manipulated in remembering,thinking, and knowing |
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| manipulating info mentally, as when we form concpets, sole problems, make decisions, and reflect in a creative or critical manner. |
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| mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics. |
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Classical vs. Prototype model |
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Class=model stating that all instances of a concept share defining properties. Prototype= Model emphasizing that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical items in that category and look for a "family resemblance" |
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| the tendency to search for and use info that supports, rather than refutes, our ideas. |
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| the tendency to report falsely after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome. |
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| a prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events. |
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| individual's interpretation of the events in their lives as harmful, threatening or challenging and their determination of whether they have the resources to cope effectively with the events |
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| the cognitive strategy of squarely facing one's trouble and trying to solve them |
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| responding to the emotional aspects of stress rather than focusing on the problem causing the stress |
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| approach vs. avoidance coping |
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approach = directly confronting the problem with active attempts to solve it. Avoidant= coping with things by ignoring them. |
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| the force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do. |
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Self determination theory |
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| a theory of motivation that proposes that three basic, organismic needs (competence, autonomy, and relatedness) characterize intrinsic motivation. |
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| theory stating that emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment. |
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| a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world. |
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| Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism |
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freudian structure of personality that consists of unconscious drives and is the individual's reservoir of psychic energy ego-structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality Superego- the protective methods for reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
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fundamental attribution error |
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| the tendency for observers to overestimate the importance the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of an actor's behavior. |
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| concept developed by Festinger; and individual's pschyological discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thoughts. |
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| Bem's theory about the connection between attitudes and behavior; stresses that individuals make inferences about their attititudes by perceiving their behavior |
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| change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard |
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| the reduction of personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibilities that can arise when one is part of a group |
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| group members impaired decision making and avoidance of realistic appraisal to maintain group harmony |
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| managerial philosophy that emphasizes the worker as a well-oiled machine and the determination of the most efficient methods for performing any work-related task |
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| management approach emphasizing the pshychological characteristics of workers and managers, stressing the imprtance of such factors as morale, attitudes, values, and humane treatment or workers. |
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| unwelcome behavior or conduct of a sexual nature that offends, humiliates, or intimidates another person. |
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employee commitment are happy workers productive? |
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| an anxiety disorder in which the individual has anxiety provoking thoughts that will not go away (obsession) and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to pre vent or produce some future situation. |
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| a mood disorder indicated by a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, lasting two weeks. |
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| a mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania. |
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| a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered thought processes. |
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Should children be treated with antidepressants? |
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| It depends on the sudies you look at, but the trend is a decline in prescribing children anti-depressants. Therapy is what is mostly prescribed instead. |
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| Powerful drugs that diminsh agitated behavior, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations. improve social behavior, and produce better sleep. patterns in people who have a severe disorder....schizos. |
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| biological therapy that involves removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve an individual's adjustment. |
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Electroconvulsive therapy |
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| commonly called shock therapy-cause a seizure of the brain |
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Cognitive behavior Therapy |
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| therapy consisting of a combination of cognitve therapy and behavior therapy; self-effacy is an important goal of cognitive-behavior therapy. |
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