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| A four part process that involves physiological arousal, subjective feelings, cognitive interpretation, and behavioral expression. Emotions help organisms deal with important events. |
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| Lateralization of Emotion |
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| Different influences on the two brain hemispheres on various emotions. The left hemisphere apparently influences positive emotions (for example, happiness), and the right hemisphere influences negative emotions (anger, for example). |
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| The proposal that an emotion-provoking stimulus produces a physical response that, in turn, produces an emotion. |
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| The counterproposal that an emotional feeling and an internal physiological response occur at the same time. One is not the cause of the other. Both were believed to be the result of cognitive appraisal of the situation. |
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| The idea that emotion results from the same cognitive appraisal of both physical arousal (Factor #1) and an emotion-provoking stimulus (Factor #2) |
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| A term that describes the relationship between arousal and performance. Both low and high levels of arousal produce lower performance than does a moderate amount of arousal. |
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| In Zuckerman's theory, individuals who have a biological need for higher levels of stimulation than do most other people. |
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| The ability to understand and control emotional responses. |
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| Biologically instigated motivation |
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| An internal mechanism that arouses the organism and then selects and directs behavior. The term "motive" is often used in the narrower sense of a motivational process that is learned, rather than biologically based ( as are drives). |
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| The desire to engage in an activity for its own sake, rather than for some external consequence, such as reward. |
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| The desire to engage in an activity to achieve an external consequence, such as reward. |
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| A motive of which one is aware |
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| A motive of which one is consciously unaware. Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasized unconscious motivation. |
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| The now-outmoded view that certain behavious are completely determined by innate factors. The instinct theory was flawed because it overlooked the effects of learning and because it employed instincts merely as labels, rather than as explanations for behavior. |
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| Genetically based behaviors, seen across a species, that can be set off by a specific stimulus. The concept of fixed-action patterns has replaced the older notion of instinct. |
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| Developed as an alternative to instinct theory, drive theory explains motivation as a process in which a biological "need" produces a "drive", a state of tension or energy that moves an organism to meet the need. For most drives this process returns the organism to a balanced condition, known as homeostasis. |
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| In drive theory, a need is a biological imbalance (such as dehydration) that threatens survival, if the need is left unmet. Biological needs are believed to produce drives. |
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| The body's tendency to maintain a biologically balanced condition, especially with regard to nutrients, water, and temperature. |
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| An individual's sense of whether control over sis or her life is internal or external. |
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| In Maslow's theory, the notion that needs occur in priority order, with the biological needs as the most basic. |
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| The process by which extrinsic rewards can sometimes displace internal motivation, as when a child receives money for playing video games. |
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| In Csikszentmihalyi's theory, an intense focus on an activity, accompanied by increased creativity and near-ecstatic feelings. Flow involves intrinsic motivation. |
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| Need for Achievement (n Ach) |
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| In Murray and McClelland's theory, a mental state that produce a psychological motive to excel or to reach some goal. |
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| The view, common in the Euro-American world, that places a high value on individual achievement and distinction. |
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| The view, common in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East, that values groups loyalty and pride over individual distinction. |
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| Refers to the tendency of the body to maintain a certain level of body fat and body weight. |
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| An eating disorder involving persistent loss of appetite that endangers an individual's health stemming from emotional or psychological reasons rather than from organic causes. |
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| An eating disorder charictarized by eating binges followed by "purges", induced by vomiting or laxatives; typically initiated as a weight-control measure. |
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| The four-stage sequence of sexual arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution occurring in both men and women. |
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| Socially learned ways of responding in sexual situations. |
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| One's erotic attraction toward members of the same sex (a homosexual orientation), the opposite sex (or both sexes ( a bisexual orientation). |
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| Mistaken identification of a person as having a particular characteristic. In polygraphy, a false positive is an erroneous identification of a truthful person being a liar. |
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