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Psych 100
test 3
241
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/12/2007

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Developmental Psychology

 

Definition
Study of changes across lifespan
Term
Human Heredity
Definition

22 Pairs of Chromosomes

1 pair of sex chromosomes

female XX male XY

Term

prenatal development

period of zygote

Definition

fertilized egg

enters a period of rapid cell division 2 weeks

fertilization until implantation

 

Term

prenatal development

period of embryo

Definition

developing human organism from 2weeks through

2nd month

-major bodily systems form

 

Term

prenatal development

period of fetus

 

Definition

-emergence of bone tissue until birth

-growth and finishing stage

-38-40 weeks: full term

Term

Three stages of Labor

Definition

1) dilation and effacement of the cervix

2) expulsion of the fetus

3) expulsion of the placenta

Term
Premature Infant Survival rate
Definition

22 weeks 0-10%

25 weeks 50-80%

27 weeks 90%

38 weeks 98%

Term

Newborn permanent reflexes

 

Definition
Breathing, Blinking
Term
Newborn temporary reflexes
Definition
Rooting, Grasping, Planters Grasp, Moro startle
Term
Signs of neurological problem
Definition

- no reflexes at birth

-reflexes last too long

Term

Social Development

Definition

encompasses the changes in

feelings, interpersonal thought, interpersonal behavior

Term

Attachment

Definition

-Strong emotional connection with another person

-Seek person out in times of stress for comfort/protection

 

attach

Child----> Parent figure

 <--- caregiving

 

Term

Attachment cont.

Definition

-Also involves a sense of security around the caretaker

-feelings of distress when the caretaker is absent

 

Term

Attachment theories:

Cupboard love

Definition

child attaches to the person meeting her physiological needs

(eg, food, warmth)

Term

Attachment theories:

Primary return to the womb craving

Definition
Child resents her extrusion from the womb and seeks to return there, can't, so attaches to the womb owner
Term

Attachment theories:

Bowlby's theory

 

Definition

Child attaches to the person meeting her emotional needs

Term
Harlow's study
Definition

-tested the idea that "content comfort" lead to "love" in rhesus monkeys

 

Result= infant monkeys attached to the cloth surrogate mother

-Raised by wire mother = show fear in strange situations

Term
Strange Situation
Definition

-Mary Ainsworth

-Involves 2 separations and 2 reunions with caregiver

-like a baby stress test

-asses quality of attachment

-used between 12-18 months

Term
Attachment Patterns
Definition

-focus on bx to mom on reunion

-strange situation reveals 4 attachment patterns

Term

Attachment Patterns

Secure

Definition

-Child welcomes the mother's return and seeks closeness to her

-65% in USA

-at home, parent is sensitive and responsive to child's emotional needs.

Term

Attachment Patterns

Insecure-Avoidant

Definition

-Child ignores the mother

-20% in the USA

-At home, parent rejects child's emotional needs

Term

Attachment Patterns

Insecure-Ambivalent

 

Definition

-Child exhibits anger at the mother while seeking to be close to her

-10% in USA

-at home, parent inconsistently responds to child's emotional needs.

Term

Attachment Patterns

Insecure-Disorganized

 

Definition

-Show odd motor behavior (rocking) and dazed facial expressions

-5% in USA

-At home, parent is abusive

-or ???

Term
Why is a secure attachment important?
Definition

securely attached kids have:

-higher self esteem than insecure kids

-better peer relationships than insecure kids

-maximize their cognitive potential

Term
Adult attachment
Definition

attachment patterns are evident in adulthood

reflect emotional connections to:

parents

significant others

relationships in general

but not children

Term
Adult attachment patterns
Definition

secure attachment 60%

avoidant pattern 25%

anxious pattern 10%

adult attachment patterns predict the attachment patterns of their children

Term

Socialization

Definition
process by which children learn the beliefs, values, skills, and behavior patterns of their culture
Term
Issues in socialization
Definition

-Socialization is interactive

-Socialization is a lifelong process

-children are biologically prepared for

Socialization

Term
Styles of Parents: Authoritarian
Definition
place a high value on obedience and respect for authority, hostile
Term
Styles of Parents: permissive
Definition
impose minimal controls on their children, warm
Term
Styles of Parents: authoritative
Definition
enforce standards, but enforce verbal give and take, warm
Term
Styles of Parents: uninvolved
Definition
no rules, little involvement with kids, hostile
Term
parenting style affects children's behavior
Definition

Authoritarian and permissive parents: children have low self esteem

Uninvolved have worst outcomes

Authoritative parents: children have high self esteem

 

Term
Peers as socializing agents
Definition

-meaning of friendship changes with age

-gratification from friends is important for young children

-older children focus on intimacy with friends

self disclosure and mutual understanding

-influence of peers increases w/ age

Term
parents and teens
Definition

parents' advice more valued than peers on :

-life goals -politics -use of hard drugs

-religion -morality

Term
peers more valued on
Definition

sex, music, styles, use of alcohol/soft drugs

- kids share parental views concerning personal values

-parental influence highest where there is a good parent-child relationship

Term

Cognitive development

 

Definition

learning, reasoning over lifespan

Term
Piaget's theory of cognitive development
Definition

-children construct own reality

-constructions are in the form of structures called schemas

Term
assimilation
Definition
fitting new objects, events, etc into an existng schema
Term
accomodation
Definition
modifying a schema to fit new events, objects, etc
Term
Piaget's stages: sensorimotor
Definition

0-2 years

understand world through senses and motor actions

develop object permanence

Term

sensorimotor:

object permanence

Definition

objects continue to exist when you can no longer see them

-before 6 months infants act as if objects cease to exist

-peekaboo becomes fun

Term
Piaget's stages: preoperational stage
Definition

age 2 to 6 or 7

emergence of symbolic thought

pretend play

egocentrism- cant take on another's perspective

-lack the concept of conservation: properties remain the same despite changes in form

Term

Piaget's stages: concrete operations

 

Definition

age 7 - 11 or 12

can do logical operations

understand reversibility- mentally going through a series of steps backwards

- can do conservation

-cant think abstractly or hypothetically

Term
Piaget's stages: formal operations
Definition

age 12 - adulthood

formal operations- can do hypothetical and abstract reasoning

-found primarily in people's areas of expertise

Term

Adolescent egocentrism

 

Definition

imaginary audience- the strong focus on self leads adolescents to feel that everyone is focused on them as well

personal fable- adolescents assume their feelings are unique (no one has ever loved so deeply, etc)

-all powerful

Term

early maturing boys

 

Definition

more attractive to girls and adults

taller and stronger

better in sports

happier, more confident, do better in school

Term
late maturing boys
Definition

less good at sports

teased by peers

self conscious about size and manliness

Term

early maturing girls

Definition

recieves early sexual advances

end up shorter and heavier than late maturers

like bodies in early adolescence, don't like them in late adolescence

Term
late maturing girls
Definition

don't like their bodies in early adolescence, like bodies in late adolescence

-end up taller and slimmer than early maturers

Term
stress
Definition
process by which we appraise and cope w/ environmental threats and challegenges
Term

positive effects of stress

Definition
motivation to conquer problems
Term
negative effects of stress
Definition
threatens resources
Term

stress response system

Definition

-general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

-body's adaptive response to stress

-very general

-responds no matter what causes stress

phase1- alarm reaction p2- resistance cope

p3- exhaustion

Term
stressful life events
Definition

catastrophes: unpredictable large scale events, eg war, earthquake

-can have significant health consequences

Life changes: death, marriage, loss of job, divorce

-make person more vulnerable to disease

daily hassles: annoying events in everyday life. eg, roommates, traffic

-cumulative effect on health

Term
social readjustment scale
Definition

score

450                                                    

300 80% chance of major health problem

150 50% chance                                  

0                                                

Term
daily hassles scale
Definition

-measures irritating daily demands

-predicts illness better than the social readjustment scale

uplifts: positive events, buffer against daily hassles

Term
conflict: source of stress
Definition
pull between opposing desires or goals
Term
conflict: approach-approach
Definition

-choice between 2 appealing outcomes

-easy to resolve, low stress

Term
conflict: avoidance-avoidance
Definition

choice betw/ 2 unappealing outcomes

more stressful than approach-approach

Term
conflict: approach-avoidance
Definition

one goal w/ appealing and unappealing aspects

most stressful type of conflict

often see vacillation

Term
social and cultural sources of stress
Definition

social conditions that promote stress. eg., povery, racism, crime

-low SES tend to have highest levels of stress

-culture clashes lead to stress

e.g, company owned by different culture

refugees, immigrants suffer too

Term
percieved control
Definition
sense of control decreases stress, anxiety and depression
Term

percieved control: explanatory style

Definition

optimism: use external, unstable and specific explanations for negative events

pessimism: use internal, stable, and global explanations for negative effects

-predicts worse health outcomes

Term
personality and health: type A
Definition

time urgency

general hostility

intense ambition and competitiveness

initial research, associated with heart disease

Term
personality and health: type B
Definition

more easygoing

not associated w/ heart disease

Term
research on type A personality
Definition

-high levels of hostility increase chance of all disease. eg, cancer

-time urgency and competitiveness not associated with disease

Term

stress and resistance to disease

 

 

Definition

-indirect effects of stress on health

promotes jeopardizing behaviors, e.g, smoking, drinking

-physiological illnesses- physiological effects of psychological states

hypertension, headaches

Term
social factors promoting health
Definition
social support : resources provided by others in times of need
Term

social factors promoting health

types of social support

Definition

emotional: expressions or concerns, empathy, positive regard

tangible: direct assistance e.g., lending money, providing meals

informational: suggestions, advice

Term

benefits of social support

Definition

improves ability to cope with stress and benefits health

-stress feels less threatening

-decrease intensity of physical reactions to stress

-reduces feelings of negative emotions

Term
coping: problem focused
Definition

managing or changing the stressor

use if problem seems alterable

Term
coping: emotion focused
Definition

try to feel better about situation

use if problem is out of our control

Term
stress and gender
Definition

males: tend to get angry or avoid stressors "fight or flight pattern"

females: more likely to help others and make use of their social support networks

a "tend and befriend" style

Term

stress and exercise

Definition

aerobic exercise can reduce stress, depression, and anxiety

effect above relaxation treatment

Term
social psychology
Definition
scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
Term
attribution theory
Definition
tendency to give causal explanation for someone's behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
Term
social thinking: fundamental attribution error
Definition

tendency, when analyzing another's behavior, to understimate the impact of he situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

-our behavior is affected by our inner attitudes as well as by external social influences

Term
social thinking: foot in the door
Definition

start with a small request

follow up with a large one

Term
social thinking: door in the face
Definition

start with a large request

follow up with a small one

Term

social thinking: low ball

Definition

make an attractive initial offer

after getting commitment, make terms less good

Term
social influence: conformity
Definition
adjusting one's thinking or behavior to coincide with a group standard
Term
factors influencing conformity: normative social influence
Definition

influence results from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Term
asch's conformity experiments
Definition
match line length with confederates giving wrong answers
Term

factors influencing conformity:

informational social influence 

Definition
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' oppinions about reality
Term
conformity increases when:
Definition

people are unsure of situation

people are of low group status

people lack information

the behavior is public

Term
obedience
Definition
compliance of person is due to percieved authority of the asker
Term
stanley migram's studies
Definition

teacher and learner

administer shocks

Term

social facilitation

 

Definition

improved performance on tasks in the presence of others

-occurs with simple or well learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered

-amount of food consumed during a meal

-winding a fishing reel

Term
social loafing
Definition
tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal then when individually accountable
Term
group polarization
Definition

enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group

-if a group is like minded, discussion strengthens prevailing opinions

Term
altruism
Definition

helping those in need

decreasing liklihood of altruism:

diffusion of responsibility- feeling that other bystanders will take responsibility in an emergency

Term
bystander effect
Definition
tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Term
Aggression: causes
Definition

complex

biological factoes

frustration effects

social effects

Term
Aggression: biological factors
Definition

testosterone weakly correlated w/ aggression

low cortisol associated with aggressive behavior

alcohol usage increases aggression

Term
Aggression: frustration
Definition
achievement of a goal is blocked, causes frustration
Term
Aggression: heat
Definition
uncomfortably hot weather and aggression
Term
Aggression: major social influences
Definition

peers

personality

parenting

violent media accounts for 10-15%

Term
Aggression: social learning theory
Definition

aggression learned by:

observation and matching

reinforcement

physical punishment, threats, and humiliation

Term

Social relations attratction

 

Definition

proximity

similarity- friends share common attitudes, beliefs, and interests

matching hypothesis- choose mate similar to self

Term
attraction: familiarity
Definition
mere exposure effects- repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
Term
attraction : physical attrativeness
Definition

youthfulnesss may be associated w/ health and fertility

-choose a mate similar to self in attraction, if different, mate has a compensating asset

eg money, power

-averaged faces are the most attractive

Term

feminized characteristics

Definition

eyebrow arch

bigger eyes

narrow jaw and nose

fuller lips

-men and women rate feminized as more attractive

Term
male attractiveness
Definition

men and women prefer feminine features in man

masculinized features: pronounced eyebrow ridge, big jaw, square face

-ovulating women shift preferrences for male attractiveness towards hyper masuline

-interest in opposite sex increases dramatically during adolescence

Term

attractiveness worldwide

Definition

men prefer youth and health

women prefer resources and social status

Term

sexual strategy and evolutionary theory

males

Definition

can have large number of offspring w/ many females

have 2 different strategies:

short term: seek young fertile female

long term: seek committed relationship with seuxal access

-men will prefer young females

Term

sexual strategy and evolutionary theory

females

Definition

have few offspring w/ major investment in each

single strategy: use short term liasons to assess and attract males

women will prefer older males with resources

Term

social relations- love:

passionate love

Definition

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another

usually present at the onset of a love relationship

associated with neurotransmitter PEA

Term

social relations- love:

compassionate love

Definition

deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

 

associated with release of oxytocin

Term
other times oxytocin is released
Definition

breast feeding

eating chocolate

orgasm

Term

ABCDE's of romantic relationships:

how do romantic relationships develop?

Definition

relationships undergo stages of development

 

social-exchange theory: relationships characterized by the rewards and costs of maintaining the relationships

Term
ABCDE model
Definition

5 stages/phases:

attraction

building

continuation

deterioration

ending

Term

ABCDE's of romantic relationships:

attraction

Definition
motivates us to build relationships
Term

ABCDE's of romantic relationships:

building

Definition

small talk

self disclosure: the revelation of personal and intimate information

should refrain from self disclosing intimate information too rapidly

women tend to self disclose earlier than men

Term

ABCDE's of romantic relationships:

continuation

Definition

mutual cyclical growth

-the need for one's partner produces commitment;

-commitment promotes acts that enhance the relationship;

-these acts build trust, increasing commitment

Term

ABCDE's of romantic relationships:

deterioration

Definition

relationship start to fail when it becomes less rewarding than it was before

may result from boredom or jealousy

Term

ABCDE's of romantic relationships:

deterioration

 

active response

Definition
doing something that may enhance the relationship or ending it
Term

ABCDE's of romantic relationships:

deterioration

 

passive response

Definition

merely waiting for the relationship on its own or deteriorate to its end

Term

ABCDE's of romantic relationships:

deterioration

 

breaking up

Definition

occurs when:

 

partners find little satisfaction in affiliation

the barriers to leaving a relationship are low

there are alternative partners available

Term

psychological disorders

 

psychopathology

Definition

problematic patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior

-disrupted functioning at home, work, and in the person's social life

-patterns that cause distress in the person or others

Term

current perspective on psychological problems

Definition
bio-psycho-social perspective: biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors produce psychological disorders 
Term
diasthesis-stress model
Definition

diasthesis+ environmental stressors

 

=

 

psychological disorders

Term

diasthesis-stress model

 

diasthesis

Definition

vulnerability to psychological disorders

genetic inheritance

biological problems such as brain abnormalities or neurotransmitter problems

early learning experiences

 

Term

diasthesis-stress model

 

environmental stressors

Definition

noxious physical stressors

relationship//job problems

trauma, abuse, neglect

Term
DSM-IV
Definition

diagnostic and statistical manual

the DSM-IV uses a multi-axial system of diagnosis

Term
axes of DSM-IV
Definition

I- symptoms that cause distress(clinical syndromes)

II- personality disorders and mental retardation

III- medical conditions that may be relevant to understanding and treating a psychological disorder

IV- psycholongical and environmental problems

V- global assessment of functioning

Term
Incidence of specific psychological disorders
Definition

substance related disorders 20%

anxiety disorders 17%

mood disorders 7%

antisocial personality disorder 3%

schizophrenia and related disorders 2%

Term
intern's syndrome
Definition
people studying illnesses often start thinking that they have those illnesses
Term

Axis I: anxiety disorders

Definition

primary disturbance is distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that produce anxiety

types: GAD, phobia, OCD, PTSD, panic

Term

generalized anxiety disorder

 

GAD

Definition

more or less constant worry about many issues

the worry seriously interferes with functioning

 

physical symptoms: headaches, stomachaches, muscle tension, irritability

 

Term
phobias
Definition

intense irrational fear that may focus on

-category of events

-event or situation

-social setting

it is not phobic to be simply anxious about something

Term
specific phobias
Definition

fear of specific object

animal- eg snakes

subject- eg blood

situation- eg height

more often in females than males

Term
social phobias
Definition

fear of being embarassed in public

-public speaking

-fear of crowds, strangers

-meeting new people

-eating in public

considered phobic if interfere with normal behavior

equally often in males and females

Term

anxiety disorders: obsessive compulsive disorder

 

 

OCD

Definition

obsessions- irrational, disturing thoughts that intrude into consciousness

compulsions- repetitive actions performed to alleviate obsessions

 

checking and washing most common compulsions

Term
anxiety disorders: panic disorder
Definition

panic attacks- helpless terror, high physiological arousal

1/4 of all heart attacks may actually be panic attacks

 

very frightening: sufferers live in fear of having them

Term

anxiety disorders: posttraumatic stress disorder

 

PTSD

Definition

follows a traumatic event or events such as war, rape, or assault

 

symptoms: nightmares, flashbacks, sleeplessness, easily startled, depression, irritability

Term

Axis I: Mood Disorders

Definition

bipolar disorders

major depression

dysthymia

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Term
Mood disorders: major depression
Definition

symptoms include:

sadness

feeling of worthlessness

changes in sleep

changes in eating

suicidal behavior

Term
major depression
Definition

prolonged, very severe depressoin

lasts without remission for 2 weeks

Term
dysthymia
Definition

less severe, but long lasting depression

lasts for at least 2 years

 

-can have both at the same time

-women diagnosed more often than men

Term
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
Definition

seasonal related severe depression

unique cluster of symptoms:

intense hunger

gain weight in winter

sleep more than usual

depressed more in evening than in morning

Term

Axis I: somatoform disorders

Definition

real physical symptoms with no biological cause

 conversion: physical symptoms with no physical explanation

somatization: repeated, varying symptoms with no physical cause; often of many years' duration

hypochondriasis: excessive attention to state of health along with preoccupation with minor aches and pain of living

Term

Axis I: Dissociative Disorders

 

 

Definition

trauma- instigating event

Term
psychogenic amnesia
Definition

partial or total loss of information about self

 

usually triggered by a traumatic experience

Term

psychogenic fugue

 

Definition

amnesia accompanied by fleeing the area

 

develops a new identity

Term
depersonalization disorder
Definition

feelings of unreality

mind leaves body

limb goes numb and doesnt feel like it belongs to you

Term
dissociative identity disorder
Definition

formerly called multiple personality disorder

multiple personalities

 

controversy: not really distinct personalities

Term

Axis I: paraphilia

 

voyeurism

Definition
sexual attraction to watching unconsenting people nude or engaged in sexual activity
Term

Axis I: paraphilia

 

fetishism

Definition
sexual attraction to inanimate objects
Term

Axis I: paraphilia

 

pedophilia

Definition
sexual attraction to prepubescent children
Term
Axis I: Schizophrenia
Definition

comes from greek meaning "split" and "mind"

 

split refers to loss of touch w/ reality

not split personalities

Term

Symptoms of Schizophrenia:

disorganized thinking

 

delusion

Definition

-delusions of persecution "they're out to get me" paranoia

-delusions of grandeur: think of self as extremely important e.g, view self as God

-delusions of being controlled: the CIA is controlling my brain with a radio signal

 

Term

Symptoms of Schizophrenia:

 

disturbed perception

Definition

hallucinations:

hearing or seeing things that aren't there

contributes to delusions

command hallucinations: voices giving orders

Term

Symptoms of Schizophrenia:

 

disorganized speech

Definition

overinclusion: jumping from idea to idea without the benefit of logical association

 

paralogic: on the surface, seems logical, but seriously flawed

e.g, Jesus was a man with a beard, I am a man with a beard, therefore I am jesus

Term

Symptoms of Schizophrenia:

 

inappropriate behavior and affect

Definition

-behavior is inappropriate for situation e.g, wearing sweaters and overcoats on hot days

-affect is inappropriately expressed

flat affect- no emotion at all in face or speech

inappropriate affect- laughing at serious things, crying at funny things

catatonic behavior- unresponsive to environment, usually marked by immobility for extended periods

Term

Subtypes of Schizophrenia:

 

paranoid type

Definition

delusions of persecution

delusions of grandeur

Term

Subtypes of Schizophrenia:

 

catatonic type

Definition
unresponsive to surroundings, purposeless movement, parrot-like speech
Term

Subtypes of Schizophrenia:

 

disorganized type

Definition

delusions and hallucinations with little meaning

 

disorganized speech, behavior, flat affect

Term

Axis II: Personality disorders

 

dependent

Definition

helpless; excessive need to be taken care of; submissive and clinging behavior; difficulty in making decisions

Term

Axis II: Personality disorders

 

histrionic

Definition
excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior
Term

Axis II: Personality disorders

 

narcissistic

Definition

exaggerated ideas of self importance and achievements; preoccupation with fantasies of success; arrogance

Term

Axis II: Personality disorders

 

antisocial

Definition
shamesless disregard for, and violation of, other people's rights
Term

Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Definition
-most who meet criteria for DSM diagnoses dont seek treatment
Term
Variability due to sex, education, race, and income level
Definition

women seek more treatment than men

college educated seek more therapy than high school educated

whites seek more treatment than nonwhites

higher income seek more treatment than lower income

Term

Therapy types:

 

insight therapy

Definition
remove distressing symptoms by leading people to understand their causes through deeply felt personal insights
Term

Therapy types:

 

behavioral therapies

Definition
based on learning principles that focus on observable measurable behavior
Term

Therapy types:

 

cognitive therapies

Definition
focuses on client's thoughts rather than his or her own feelings or behaviors
Term

Therapy types:

 

biomedical therapies

Definition
treatments that focus on the biomedical basis of a disorder
Term

Insight Therapy:

 

psychodynamic therapy

Definition

Freud

 

psychological problems result from inner mental conflicts

 

must make these conflicts conscious

Term
resistance
Definition

patients resist attempts to bring unconscious into conscious

 

unconscious material causes anxiety

 "forgetting"

refusing to discuss certain topics

Term
Transference
Definition
patient's unconscious feelings about person in their life are experienced as feelings towards the therapist
Term

Person Centered Therapy

Definition

Carl Rogers

Focus on thoughts, abilities, cleverness of client; not focused on insights of therapist

-therapist is a sounding board for client's thoughts

-unconditional positive regard: client is worthy and capable no matter what client does or says

creates safe, nonjudgmental therapy

Term
Cognitive Therapy
Definition

-People disturb themselves with their own thoughts

"I must be perfect", "Everyone must love me", "The past determines the future", "It is catastrophic when things dont go as planned"

 

Goals: identify maladaptive ways of thinking, replace these with adaptive ways

Term
Cognitive Therapy: Ellis' rational-emotive therapy
Definition

Albert Ellis

Negative emotions arise from people's irrational interpretations of experiences

 

Term

Ellis' rational-emotive therapy

 

musterbations

Definition

irrational belief that you must do something

Term

Ellis' rational-emotive therapy

 

awfulizing

Definition
mental exaggeration of setbacks
Term
Ellis' ABC theory of emotions
Definition

A: activating event in the environment

B: belief triggered in client's mind by event

C: emotional consequence of the belief

 

A------B-----C

 

 loss of job----Im worthless------depression

Term
Behavior therapy
Definition
concentrate on observable stimuli and reponses
Term

Behavior Therapy:

 

operant conditioning techniques

 

time out

Definition

 

 

Time out- removing individual from reinforcing situation

Term

Behavior Therapy:

 

operant conditioning techniques

 

token economies

Definition
using tokens that can be exchanged for other items or privaledges
Term

Behavior Therapy:

 

operant conditioning techniques

 

stimulus satiation

Definition
giving the person too much of a desired thing so as to reduce its attraction
Term

Behavior Therapy:

 

Classical conditioning Techniques

 

aversion treatment

Definition

Used for bad habits

smoking, drinking, gambling

 -use of classical conditioning principles; painful or unpleasant stimulus follows the unwanted behavior

example: antabuse for alcahol usage

 

Term

Behavior Therapy:

 

Classical conditioning Techniques

 

flooding

Definition

immerse consenting person in the fear stimulus

 

after fear subsides, calm sets in, is associated with the feared object

Term

Behavior Therapy:

 

Classical conditioning Techniques

 

systematic desensitization

Definition

-teach relaxation

-create a hierarchy of fear ranging from least to most feared stimulus

-work through hierarchy while maintaining calm

Term

Does Therapy work?

 

meta analysis

Definition

procedure for combining the results of many research studies

Term
general conclusions about therapy effectiveness
Definition

-people in treatment do better than those not

-some therapists are better than others; warm, understanding, motivated

-some types of therapy work better for specific problems

 

Term

therapies for specific problems

Definition

cognitive-behavioral works best for fear and anxiety

cog-behavioral: combo of cog and bx techniques

 

insight best for self-esteem

 

psychodynamic best for work/school achievement

Term
Biomedical treatments
Definition

attempt to solved the disorder by altering bodily processes

 

psychoactive druhs highly sucessful in reducing in-patient population

Term
history of biomedical treatments
Definition

trephining: drilling holes in head

 

blood letting

Term
Antipsychotic Drugs
Definition

used for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders

 

most work on neurotransmitter dopamine

 

problems: makes the person seem more normal, but doesn't increase life satisfaction

-unpleasant and painful side effects

Term
tardive dyskinesia
Definition
person involuntarily smacks lips and displays facial grimaces
Term
antidepressant medication
Definition

affects neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine

 

antidepressant drugs can life depression(requires 3-4 weeks)

 

Term
Monoamine exidase (MAO) inhibitors
Definition
drugs that inhibit MAO allow neurotransmitters to work for longer periods
Term
Lithium
Definition

used for bipolar disorder

 

especially effective for manic phases

Term
Antianxiety drugs
Definition

drugs that facilitate the neurotransmitter gamma-amino-butyric-acid (GABA)

 

 

Term

Benzodiazepines

 

Definition

cholorodiazepoxide (librium) and diazepam (Valium)

 

most effective for generalized anxiety

Term
Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)
Definition

used in cases of severe, unrelenting depression

 -modren ECT is very different from early ECT

safer, patient given drugs to sedate beforehand, painless

 

70% of people who don't respond to other meds get relief with ECT

Term
Psychosurgery
Definition

treatment of last resort

 

cingulotomy- partial destruction of structure in the limbic system

Term
Teratogen
Definition

an external agent, such as a chemical, virus, or type of radiation that can cause damage to the zygote, embryo, or fetus

 

-fetal alcohol syndrome

-sudden infant death syndrome: smoking

Term

aging

 

Definition

18-25 maturation into adulthood

 -changes that are programmed into genes and changes that arise from environmental events

-impairs communication among neurons

decline of strength and energy past age 50

Term
terminal decline
Definition
shortly before death, performance on a wide range of cognitive tasks takes a dramatic turn for the worse
Term
fluid intelligence
Definition
flexibility in reasoning and the ability to figure out novel solutions
Term
crystallized intelligence
Definition
using knowledge as a basis of reasoning
Term
longitudinal studies
Definition

test the same group of people repeatedly, at different ages

Term
cross-sectional studies
Definition

involve testing different groups of proplr, with each group comprised of individuals of a particular age

 

must ensure that groups are equated on all possible measures except age

Term
cerebral reserve hypothesis
Definition
education either strengthens the brain itself, or helps people develop multiple strategies
Term
dedifferentation
Definition
as we age, parts of our brains become less specialized
Term
psychosocial development
Definition
the effects of maturation and learning on personality and relationships
Term
socioemotional selectivity theory
Definition

rests on the idea that older pople come to focus on the limited time they have left, which in turn changes their motivations

Term
grief
Definition
emotion of distress that follows the loss of a loved one
Term
bereavement
Definition
experience of missing a loved one and longing for his or her company
Term
B Cell
Definition

matures in the bone marrow

Term
T cell
Definition
matures in the thymus
Term
Natural Killer cell
Definition
detects and destroys damaged or altered calls, such as precancerous cells before they become tumors
Term

psychoneuroimmunology

Definition
focuses on the ways in which mental and emotional states affect the immune system
Term
stress and cancer
Definition

stress can affect the growth of some cancerous tumors

 

 

Term
mind-body interventions
Definition

goal: not to change stressful stimulus, but to allow you to adapt to the stimulus- and, in doing so, to alter bodily functioning

 

Term

mind-body interventions

 

benefits

Definition

improved mood and immune system functioning

increased lung functioning in people w/ asthma

improved control of pain

decreased levels of reported stress, emotional distress, and poor coping strategies

fewer subsequent heart problems

Term
nocebo effect
Definition

expectations of sickness can actually cause sickness

 

-variation of the placebo effect, but w/ expectation of a negative outcome rather than a positive one

Term
anorexia nervosa
Definition
potentially fatal eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain even a low normal weight
Term
bulemia nervosa
Definition
recurrent episodes of binge eating, followed by an attempt to prevent weight gain
Term
abstinence violation effect
Definition

the sense of letting go of self-restraint after transgressing a self-imposed rule about food

Term
impression formation
Definition
the process of developing initial views of others
Term
impression management
Definition
a person's efforts to control how others view him or her
Term
cognitive dissonance
Definition
the uncomfortable state that arises because of a discrepancy between an attitude and behavior or between two attitudes
Term
self-perception theory
Definition
people come to understand themselves by making inferences from their behavior and the events surrounding their behavior
Term
persuasion
Definition
attempts to change people's attitudes
Term
mere exposure effects
Definition
the change-generally favorable- in attitude that can result from simply becoming familiar with something
Term
stereotype
Definition
a belief or set of beliefs about a set of people in a particular category
Term
self-monitoring techniques
Definition
behavioral techniques that help the client identify the antecedents and consequences of a problematic behavior
Term
cognitive distortions
Definition

irrational thoughts that arise from a systematic bias in the way a person thinks about reality

Term
psychoeducation
Definition
the process of educating clients about therapy and research findings pertaining to their distortions or problems
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