Term
|
Definition
| a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drugs effect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a physiological need for a durg, marked by ulpleasant withdrawl symptoms when the drug is discontinued. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs( alcohol, barbiturates and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opium and its derivatives such as morphine and heroine, they depress neural activity temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs (caffiene nicotine, cocaine and ectasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system with speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short term health risks and longer term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and mood to mood cognition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies in the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| information processing guided by higher level mental processes as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity and our psychological experience of them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a persons experience, expectations motivation and alertness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the activation, often unconscious of certain associations thus disposing ones perception memory or response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. we experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the princeiple that, to be perceived as differnt two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an interdisiplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging. |
|
|
Term
| general adaptation syndrome (GAS) |
|
Definition
| Selyes concept of the bodys adaptive response to stress in three phases- alarm, resistance, exhaustion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle the leading cause of death in many developed countries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive hard-driving impatient verbally agressive and anger prone people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Friedman and Rosenmans term for easygoing relaxed people |
|
|
Term
| Psychophysiological illness |
|
Definition
| litterally, mind-body illness, any stress related physcial illness such as hypertension and some headaches |
|
|
Term
| psychoneuroimmunology(PNI) |
|
Definition
| the study of how psychological, neural and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: Blymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses and foreign substances. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness may also reduce stress, depression and anxiety. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system for electronically recording, amplifying and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state such as blood pressure or muscle tension. |
|
|
Term
| complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) |
|
Definition
| as yet unproven health care treatments intend to supplement(complement) or serve as alternatives to conventional medicine and which typically are not widely taught in medical schools used in hospitals or reimbursed by insurance companies. when research shows a therapy to be safe and effective, it usually then becomes part of accepted medical practice. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (operant conditioning) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (operant conditioning) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1 but not 2 |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned response (UR) |
|
Definition
| in classical conditioning, the unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US) such as salivation when food is in the mouth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in classical conditioning a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response. |
|
|
Term
| conditioned response (CR) |
|
Definition
| in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in classical conditioning an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a condition response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in classical conditioning the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response . In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. |
|
|
Term
| higher- order conditioning |
|
Definition
| a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second, often weaker, conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the diminishing of a conditioned response occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus. occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in classical conditioning the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thorndikes principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in operant conditioning research, a chamber (skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pressing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforces guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in operant conditioning, any event that strenghens the bavior it follows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (NOT PUNISHMENT) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
|
|
Term
| partial(intermittent) reinforcement |
|
Definition
| reinforcing a response only part of the time. results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredicatble number of responses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces only after a specified time has elapsed/ |
|
|
Term
| variable interval schedule |
|
Definition
| in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces at unpredictable time intervals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an event that decreases the behavior that follows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mental representation of the layout of ones environment. for example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a desire to perform a behavior to recieve promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning by observing others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. the brains mirroring of another's action my enable imitation and empathy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positive, constructive, helpful behavior. the opposite of antisocial. |
|
|
