Term
| approaches that assume that personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and over which they have no control |
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Definition
| psychodynamic approaches to personality |
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Term
| Freudian theory that unconscious forces act as determinants of personality |
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Definition
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Term
| a part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware. |
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Definition
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Term
| the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses. |
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Definition
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Term
| the part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world. |
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Definition
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Term
| according to freud, the final personality structure to develop; it represents the rights and wrongs of society as handed down by a persons parents, teachers, and other important figures. |
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Definition
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Term
| developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur. |
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Term
| what are the 5 stages of psychosexual development |
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Definition
| oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital |
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Term
| according to freud, a stage from birth to age 12-18 months in which an infants center of pleasure is the mouth |
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Definition
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Term
| according to freud, a stage from 12-18 months to 3 years of age, in which a childs pleasure is centered on the anus |
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Definition
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Term
| according to freud, a period beginning around age 3 during which a childs pleasure focuses on the genitals. |
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Definition
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Term
| a childs sexual interest in his or her opposite sex parent, typically resolved through identification with the same sex parent |
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Definition
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Term
| the process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible, imitating that persons behavior and adopting similar beliefs and values. |
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Definition
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Term
| according to freud, the period between the phallic stage and puberty during which childrens sexual concerns are put aside. |
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Definition
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Term
| according to freud, the period from puberty until death, marked by mature sexual behavior (that is, sexual intercourse) |
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Definition
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Term
| In Freudian theory, unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by concealing the source of it from themselves and others. |
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Definition
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Term
| the primary defense mechanism in which unacceptable or unpleasant id impulses are pushed back into the unconscious. |
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Definition
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Term
| people behave as if they were at an earlier stage of development |
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Definition
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Term
| the expression of an unwanted feeling or thought is redirected from a more threatening powerful person to a weaker one. |
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Definition
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Term
| people provide self-justifying explanations in place of the actual, but threatening, reason for their behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| people refuse to accept or acknowledge an anxiety-producing piece of information |
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Definition
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Term
| people attribute unwanted impulses and feeling to someone else |
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Definition
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Term
| people divert unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. |
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Definition
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Term
| unconscious impulses are expressed as their opposite in consciousness |
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Definition
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Term
| psycho-analysts who were trained in traditional Freudian theory but who later rejected some of its major points |
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Definition
| non-Freudian psychoanalysts |
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Term
| according to Jung, a common set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that we inherit from our ancestors, the whole human race, and even animal ancestors from the distant past. |
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Definition
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Term
| according to jung, universal symbolic representations of a particular person, object, or experience (such as good or evil) |
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Definition
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Term
| according to adler, a problem affecting adults who have not been able to overcome the feelings of inferiority that they have developed as children, when they were small and limited in their knowledge about the world |
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Definition
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Term
| a model of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality |
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Definition
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Term
| consistent personality characteristics and behaviors displayed in different situations |
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Definition
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Term
| theories that emphasize the influence of a persons cognitions - thoughts, feelings, expectations, and values - as well as observation of others behavior, in determining personality |
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Definition
| social cognitive approaches to personality |
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Term
| belief in ones personal capabilities. It underlies poeples faith in their ability to carry out a particular behavior or produce a desired outcome |
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Definition
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Term
| the component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations |
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Definition
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Term
| theories that suggest that important components of personality are inherited |
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Definition
| biological and evolutionary approaches to personality |
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Term
| the innate disposition that emerges early in life |
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Definition
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Term
| theories that emphasize peoples innate goodness and desire to achieve higher levels of functioning. |
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Definition
| humanistic approaches to personality |
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Term
| a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in a unique way |
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Definition
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Term
| an attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer, no matter what a person says or does. |
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Definition
| unconditional positive regard |
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Term
| standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively; used by psychologists to help people make decisions about their lives and understand more about themselves |
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Definition
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Term
| a method of gathering data about people by asking them questions about a sample of their behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| a widely used self-report test that identifies people with psychological difficulties and is employed to predict some everyday behaviors |
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Definition
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Term
| a technique used to validate questions in personality tests by studying the responses of people with known diagnoses |
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Definition
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Term
| a test in which a person is shown an ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story about it. |
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Definition
| projective personality test |
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Term
| a test that involves showing a series of symmetrical visual stimuli to people who then are asked what the figures represent to them. |
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Definition
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Term
| a test consisting of a series of pictures about which a person is asked to write a story. |
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Definition
| thematic apperception test |
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Term
| direct measures of an individuals behavior used to describe personality characteristics |
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Definition
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Term
| distinctive and stable pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterize an individual |
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Definition
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Term
| according to the trait approach, this is the single characteristic that influences about everything you do. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| according to trait approach, these are the 5-10 traits that best describe you. |
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Definition
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Term
| according to Freud, this is the part of you that wants whatever you want, it follows the pleasure principle, and wants immediate gratification |
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Definition
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Term
| this develops out of the id, it trys to satisfy the demands of the id but in a way that will minimize pain, or satisfy reality. |
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Definition
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Term
| this develops around 5-6 years of age, first represents approval of parents, has two parts 1) conscious 2) egoideal |
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Definition
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Term
| conscious (as part of the superego) |
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Definition
| internal mechanism which can make you feel guilt |
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|
Term
| egoideal (as part of the superego) |
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Definition
| part of you that strives for perfection |
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Term
| behavior that causes people to experience distress and prevents them from functioning in their daily lives |
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Definition
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Term
| the perspective that suggests that when an individual displays symptoms of abnormal behavior, the root cause will be found in a physical examination of the individual, which may reveal a hormone imbalance, a chemical deficiency, or a brain injury |
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Definition
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Term
| assumes that physiological causes are at the root of psychological disorders |
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Definition
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Term
| argues that psychological disorders stem from childhood conflicts |
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Definition
| psychoanalytic perspective |
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Term
| assumes that abnormal behaviors are learned responses |
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Definition
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|
Term
| assumes that peoples thoughts and beliefs are central to their psycological disorders |
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Definition
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|
Term
| emphasizes peoples responsibility for their own behavior and their need to self actualize |
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Definition
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|
Term
| assumes that behavior is shaped by family, society, and culture |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the perspective that looks at the behavior itself as the problem |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the perspective that suggests that abnormal behavior stems from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression |
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Definition
| psychoanalytic perspective |
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Term
| the perspective that suggest that peoples thoughts and beliefs are a central component of abnormal behavior |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the perspective that emphasizes the responsibility people have for their own behavior, even when such behavior is abnormal |
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Definition
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Term
| the perspective that assumes that peoples behavior, both normal and abnormal, is shaped by the kind of family, group, society, and culture in which they live |
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Definition
| sociocultural perspective |
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Term
| a system devised by the APA, used by most professionals to diagnose and classify abnormal behavior |
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Definition
| Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, DSM-IV-TR |
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Term
| the occurrence of anxiety without an obvious external cause that affects daily functioning |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations |
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Definition
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|
Term
| anxiety disorder that takes the form of panic attacks lasting from a few seconds to several hours |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the experience of long-term, persistant anxiety and worry |
|
Definition
| generalized anxiety disorder |
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Term
| a disorder characterized by obsessions or compulsions |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a persistant, unwanted thought or idea that keeps recurring |
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Definition
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|
Term
| an irresistible urge to repeatedly carry out some act that seems strange and unreasonable |
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Definition
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|
Term
| psychological difficulties that take on a physical form, but which there is no medical cause |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a disorder in which people have a constant fear of illness and a preoccupation with their health |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a major somatoform disorder that involves an actual physical disturbance, such as the inability to use a sensory organ or the complete or partial inability to move an arm or leg. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| psychological dysfunctions characterized by the seperation of different facets of a persons personality that are normally integration |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a disorder in which a person displays characteristics of two or more distinct personalities |
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Definition
| dissociative identity disorder |
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Term
| a disorder in which a significant, selective memory loss occurs |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a form of amnesia in which the individual leaves home and sometimes assumes a new identity |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a disturbance in emotional experience that is strong enough to intrude on everyday living |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a sever form of depression that interferes with concentration, decision making, and sociability |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a disorder in which a person alternates between periods of euphoric feelings of mania and periods of depression |
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Definition
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|
Term
| an extended state of intense, wild elation |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a class of disorders in which severe distortion of reality occurs |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a disorder characterized by a set of inflexible, maladaptive behavior patterns that keep a person from functioning appropriately in society |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a disorder in which individuals show no regard for the moral and ethical rules of society or the rights of others |
|
Definition
| antisocial personality disorder |
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|
Term
| a disorder in which individuals have difficulty developing a secure sense of who they are |
|
Definition
| borderline personality disorder |
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|
Term
| a personality disturbance characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance |
|
Definition
| narcissitic personality disorder |
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|
Term
| a disorder marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and a great deal of inappropriate activity |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a severe developmental disability that impairs childrens ability to communicate and relate to others |
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Definition
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|
Term
| treatment in which a trained professional, a therapist, uses psychological techniques to help a person overcome psychological difficulties and disorders, resolve problems in living, or bring about personal growth |
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Definition
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|
Term
| therapy that relies on drugs and other medical procedures to improve psychological functioning |
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Definition
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|
Term
| therapy that seeks to bring unresolved past conflicts and unacceptable impulses from the unconscious into the conscious, where patients may deal with the problems more effectively |
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Definition
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Term
| freudian psychotherapy in which the goal is to release hidden unconscious thoughts and feelings in order to reduce their power in controlling behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| the transfer of feelings to a psychoanalyst of love or anger that had been originally directed to a patients parents or authority figures |
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Definition
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Term
| treatment approaches that build on the basic processes of learning, such as reinforcement and extinction, and assume that normal and abnormal behavior are both learned |
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Definition
| behavioral treatment approaches |
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Term
| a form of therapy that reduces the frequency of undesired behavior by pairing an aversive, unpleasant stimulus with undesired behavior |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a behavioral technique in which gradual exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus is paired with relaxation to extinguish the response of anxiety |
|
Definition
| systematic desensitization |
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Term
| a behavioral treatment for anxiety in which people are confronted, either suddenly or gradually, with a stimulus that they fear |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| a form of treatment in which the focus is on getting people to accept who they are regardless of whether it matches their ideal |
|
Definition
| dialectical behavior therapy |
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Term
| treatment approaches that teach people to think in more adaptive ways by changing their dysfunctional thoughts about the world and themselves |
|
Definition
| cognitive treatment approaches |
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Term
| a treatment approach that incorporates basic principles of learning to change the way people think |
|
Definition
| cognitive-behavioral approach |
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Term
| a form of therapy that attempts to restructure a persons belief system into a more realistic, rational, and logical set of views by challenging dysfunctional beliefs that maintain irrational behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| therapy in which the underlying rationale is that people have control of their behavior, can make choices about their lives, and are essentially responsible for solving their own problems. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| therapy in which the goal is to reach one s potential for self-actualization. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| short term therapy that focuses on the context of current social relationships |
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Definition
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|
Term
| therapy in which people meet in a group with a therapist to discuss problems |
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Definition
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|
Term
| an approach that focuses on the family and its dynamics |
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Definition
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|
Term
| recovery without treatment |
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Definition
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|
Term
| control of psychological disorders through the use of drugs |
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Definition
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|
Term
| drugs that temporarily reduce psychotic symptoms such as agitation, hallucinations, and delusions |
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Definition
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|
Term
| medications that improve a severely depressed patients mood and feeling of well-being |
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Definition
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|
Term
| drugs used to treat mood disorders that prevent manic episodes of bipolar disorder |
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Definition
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|
Term
| drugs that reduce the level of anxiety a person experiences essentially by reducing excitability and increasing feelings of well-being |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a procedure used in the treatment of severe depression in which an electric current of 70-150 volts is briefly administered to a patients head |
|
Definition
| electroconvulsive therapy |
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|
Term
| a depression treatment in which a precise magnetic pulse is directed to a specific area of the brain |
|
Definition
| transcranial magnetic stimulation |
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Term
| brain surgery once used to reduce the symptoms of mental disorder but rarely used today |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| a branch of psychology that focuses on the prevention and minimization of psychological disorders in the community |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the transfer of former mental patients from institutions to the community |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| an individuals characteristic patter of thinking, feeling, and acting |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 stages of psychosexual development |
|
Definition
1. oral
2. anal: starts around 2
3. phallic: starts around 3, most important stage
4. latency: 6-puberty
5. genital |
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|
Term
| state maslows hierarchy of needs |
|
Definition
1. physiological
2. safety
3. love
4. esteem
5. self-actualization |
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Term
| psychological approach that deals with classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning |
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Definition
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|
Term
| says that everyone has 5-10 central traits and at least one cardinal trait that defines them |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
conscientiousness
agreeableness
neuroticism
openness
extraversion |
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|
Term
| the part of you that wants whatever you want and wants immediate gratification |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| trys to satisfy the demands of the id, but in a way that will minimize pain or satisfy reality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| develops around 5-6 years of age, first represents approval of parents, has two parts 1) conscious 2) ego ideal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| internal mechanism which can make you feel guilt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| part of you that strives for perfection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 categories of phobic disorders |
|
Definition
1) specific: such as lightning
2) social: irrational fear of doing something that will embarass you
3) agoraphobia: fear of the market place, open spaces, or going out. |
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|
Term
| 2 different types of panic disorders |
|
Definition
1) pd w/ agoraphobia : frequently occurs this way
2) pd w/out agoraphobia |
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|
Term
| neurotransmitter associated with anxiety disorders |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| neurotransmitters associated with mood disorders |
|
Definition
| serotonin and norepinephrine |
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|
Term
| neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| verbal interactions between therapist and client, enhances clients self-knowledge, promotes healthful change |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ABC model in rational emotive therapy |
|
Definition
1. activating event
2. beliefs about event
3. consequences - emotional |
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|
Term
| used with people with ocd, you expose a person to the stimulus that leads to the behavior, but you prevent them from the behavior, used in increments |
|
Definition
| exposure and response prevention |
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Term
| used to cure phobias; tries to undo pairing between stimulus and fear; make a fear hierarchy and the therapist will move up hierarchy with patient |
|
Definition
| systematic desensitization |
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|
Term
| patient is presented with feared object in a safe environment until anxiety goes down |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rather than focusing on the minds structure, it concentrated on what the mind does and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| focusis on uncovering the fundamental mental components of consciousness,thinking, and other kinds of mental states and activities |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the idea that peoples behavior is produced primarily by factors outside of their willful control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| humanistic perspective deals with ____ |
|
Definition
| free will vs. determination |
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|
Term
| the approach that suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the approach that focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the approach that suggests that observable,measurable behavior should be the focus of the study. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the approach based on the view that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control |
|
Definition
| psychodynamic perspective |
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|
Term
1. define the problem
2. formulate hypothesis
3. design study and test hypothesis
4. analyze, interpret findings, draw conclustions
5. report findings |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| a prediction, stemming from a theory, stated in a way that allows it to be tested |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a hypothesis will incorporate ___ variables |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| measureable condition, event, or any characteristic that is controlled or observed in a study. must fluctuate |
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Definition
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|
Term
| drugs that treat schizophrenia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin |
|
Definition
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