Term
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Definition
| A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood (affects consciousness). |
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Term
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Definition
| Continued use of a psychoactive drug produces ___ With repeated exposure to a drug, the drug’s effect lessens. Thus it takes greater quantities to get the desired effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Upon stopping use of a drug (after addiction), users may experience the undesirable effects of withdrawal |
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Term
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Definition
| Absence of a drug may lead to a feeling of physical pain, intense cravings (physical dependence), and negative emotions (psychological dependence). |
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Term
| Misconceptions About Addiction |
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Definition
Addictive drugs quickly corrupt.
Addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily.
Addiction is no different than repetitive pleasure-seeking behaviors. |
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Term
| Psychoactive drugs are divided into three groups |
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Definition
Depressants
Stimulants
Hallucinogens |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions |
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Term
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Definition
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Opiates |
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Term
| Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment, and memory…and increases... |
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Definition
| aggressiveness while reducing self awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal are some examples. |
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Term
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Definition
| Opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. They are highly addictive. |
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Term
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Definition
| are drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. |
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Term
| Examples of stimulants are: |
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Definition
Caffeine
Nicotine
Cocaine
Ecstasy
Amphetamines
Methamphetamine |
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Term
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Definition
| increase heart and breathing rates and other autonomic functions to provide energy |
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Term
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Definition
People smoke because it is socially rewarding.
Smoking is also a result of genetic factors.Nicotine takes away unpleasant cravings (negative reinforcement) by triggering epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and endorphins.
Nicotine itself is rewarding (positive reinforcement). |
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Term
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Definition
| Cocaine induces immediate euphoria followed by a crash. Crack, a form of cocaine, can be smoked. Other forms of cocaine can be sniffed or injected. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ecstasy or Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a stimulant and mild hallucinogen. It produces a euphoric high and can damage serotonin-producing neurons, which results in a permanent deflation of mood and impairment of memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. |
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Term
| Hallucinogens: LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamide) |
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Definition
| powerful hallucinogenic drug that is also known as acid. |
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Term
| Hallucinogens: THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol |
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Definition
| is the major active ingredient in marijuana (hemp plant) that triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations. |
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Term
| drug use: biological influences: |
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Definition
| genetic predispositions, variations in nuerotransmitters systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| lacking sense of purpose, significant stress, psychological disorders such as depression |
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Term
| social-cultural influences |
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Definition
| urban environment, cultural attitude toward drug use, peer influences |
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Term
| Influence for Drug Prevention and Treatment |
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Definition
Education about the long-term costs
Efforts to boost people’s self-esteem and purpose
Attempts to modify peer associations and teaching refusal skills |
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Term
| Freud (1856–1939) believed that personality was a result of |
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Definition
| events in a person’s life, including traumatic ones |
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Term
| Freud also believed that the mind actively |
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Definition
| prevents unconscious traumatic events from reaching consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| the inaccessible part of the mind |
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Term
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Definition
| the unconscious reservoir of libido, the psychic energy the fuels instincts and psychic processes |
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Term
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Definition
| the repository of moral values including the conscience and the ego-deal |
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Term
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Definition
| the general manager of personality, making decisions balancing the id and superego demands |
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Term
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Definition
| the rule that the id obeys, immediate gratification |
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Term
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Definition
| These are mental systems that become active whenever unconscious instinctual drives of the id come into conflict with the superego |
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Term
| Examples of defense mechanisms |
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Definition
Sublimation Repression
Reaction formation Conversion
Projection Rationalization |
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Term
| Freud’s Psychosexual Theory of Personality Development |
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Definition
| Freud believed that personality development involves passing through several psycho-sexual stages of development early in life |
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Term
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Definition
These stages are the:
Oral stage
Anal stage
Phallic stage
Latency period
Genital stage |
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Term
| The Humanistic Perspective |
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Definition
| By the 1960s, psychologists became discontent with Freud’s negativity and the mechanistic psychology of the behaviorists. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maslow proposed that we as individuals are motivated by a hierarchy of needs. Beginning with physiological needs, we try to reach the state of self-actualization—fulfilling our potential. |
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Term
| Person-Centered Perspective |
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Definition
| Carl Rogers also believed in an individual's self-actualization tendencies. He said that Unconditional Positive Regard is an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings. |
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Term
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Definition
| In an effort to assess personality, Rogers asked people to describe themselves as they would like to be (ideal) and as they actually are (real). If the two descriptions were close the individual had a positive self-concept. |
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Term
| Humanistic psychology has a pervasive impact on counseling, education, child-rearing, and management with its emphasis on |
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Definition
| a positive self-concept, empathy, and the thought that people are basically good and can improve. |
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Term
| Criticisms of the humanistic perpective |
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Definition
Concepts in humanistic psychology are vague and subjective and lack scientific basis.
The individualism encouraged can lead to self-indulgence, selfishness, and an erosion of moral restraints.
Humanistic psychology fails to appreciate the reality of our human capacity for evil. It lacks adequate balance between realistic optimism and despair. |
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Term
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Definition
Exploring Traits
Assessing Traits
The Big Five Factors
Evaluating the Trait Perspective |
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Term
| The Social-Cognitive Perspective |
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Definition
Reciprocal Influences
Personal Control
Assessing Behavior in Situations
Evaluating the Social-Cognitive Perspective |
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Term
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Definition
The Benefits of Self-Esteem
Self-Serving Bias |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual’s unique constellation of durable dispositions and consistent ways of behaving (traits) constitutes his or her personality. |
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Term
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Definition
| One way to condense the immense list of personality traits is through factor analysis, a statistical approach used to describe and relate personality traits. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hans and Sybil Eysenck suggested that personality could be reduced down to two polar dimensions, extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability. |
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Term
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Definition
Brain-imaging procedures show that extraverts seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low.
Genes also influence our temperament and behavioral style. Differences in children’s shyness and inhibition may be attributed to autonomic nervous system reactivity. |
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Term
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Definition
| questionnaires (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors assessing several traits at once. |
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Term
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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Definition
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
developed by empirically testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminated between diagnostic groups |
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Term
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Definition
Today’s trait researchers believe that earlier trait dimensions, such as Eysencks’ personality dimensions, fail to tell the whole story. So, an expanded range (five factors) of traits does a better job of assessment.
conscientiousness, agreeablness, neuroticism, openess, extraversion |
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Term
| The Person-Situation Controversy |
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Definition
| Walter Mischel (1968, 1984, 2004) points out that traits may be enduring, but the resulting behavior in various situations is different. Therefore, traits are not good predictors of behavior. |
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Term
| Consistency of Expressive Style |
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Definition
Expressive styles in speaking and gestures demonstrate trait consistency.
Observers are able to judge people’s behavior and feelings in as little as 30 seconds and in one particular case as little as 2 seconds |
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Term
| Social-Cognitive Perspective |
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Definition
| Bandura (1986, 2001, 2005) believes that personality is the result of an interaction that takes place between a person and their social context. |
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Term
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Definition
| Social-cognitive psychologists emphasize our sense of personal control, whether we control the environment or the environment controls us. |
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Term
| External locus of control |
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Definition
| refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate. |
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Term
| Internal locus of control |
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Definition
| refers to the perception that we can control our own fate. |
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Term
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Definition
| When unable to avoid repeated adverse events an animal or human learns helplessness. |
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Term
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Definition
| aims to discover and promote conditions that enable individuals and communities to thrive. |
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Term
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Definition
| how we overestimate our concern that others evaluate our appearance, performance, and blunders |
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Term
| Maslow and Rogers argued that a successful life results from a healthy self-image (self-esteem). The following are two reasons why low self-esteem results in personal problems. |
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Definition
When self-esteem is deflated, we view ourselves and others critically.
Low self-esteem reflects reality, our failure in meeting challenges, or surmounting difficulties. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| less fragile and less dependent on external evaluation. |
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Term
| prevalance of Psychological Disorders |
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Definition
There are 450 million people suffering from psychological disorders (WHO, 2004).
Depression and schizophrenia exist in all cultures of the world. |
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Term
| definition of psychological disorders |
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Definition
persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions
When behavior is deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional psychiatrists and psychologists label it as disordered (Comer, 2004).
If a behavior is dysfunctional it is clearly a disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| (going naked) in one culture may be considered normal, while in others it may lead to arrest. |
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Term
| Deviant behavior must accompany ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Ancient Treatments of psychological disorders include |
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Definition
trephination (boring holes in the skull to remove evil forces)
, exorcism, being caged like animals, being beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, or transfused with animal’s blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) from France, insisted that madness was not due to demonic possession, but an ailment of the mind. |
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Term
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Definition
| When physicians discovered that syphilis led to mental disorders, they started using medical models to review the physical causes of these disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cause and development of the disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Identifying (symptoms) and distinguishing one disease from another |
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Term
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Definition
| Treating a disorder in a psychiatric hospital. |
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Term
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Definition
| : Forecast about the disorder |
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Term
| The Biopsychosocial Approach |
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Definition
| Assumes that biological, socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders. |
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Term
Multiaxial Classification of psychological disorders
AXIS 1 |
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Definition
| Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety, mood disorders [16 syndromes]) present? |
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Term
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Definition
| Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation present? |
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Term
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Definition
| Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes, hypertension or arthritis etc) also present? |
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Term
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Definition
| Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems (school or housing issues) also present? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the Global Assessment of the person’s functioning? |
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Term
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Definition
Describe (400) disorders.
Determine how prevalent the disorder is.
Disorders outlined by DSM-IV are reliable. Therefore, diagnoses by different professionals are similar.
Others criticize DSM-IV for “putting any kind of behavior within the compass of psychiatry.” |
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Term
| Anxiety Disorders: types: |
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Definition
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Panic Disorder
Phobias
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Understanding Anxiety Disorders |
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Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder symptoms |
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Definition
Persistent and uncontrollable tenseness and apprehension.
Autonomic arousal.
Inability to identify or avoid the cause of certain feelings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Minutes-long episodes of intense dread which may include feelings of terror, chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) that cause distress. |
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Term
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder |
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Definition
Four or more weeks of the following symptoms constitute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD):
Haunting memories, social withdrawl, nightmares, jumping anxety, sleep problems |
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Term
| The Medical Perspective on causes of mental disorders |
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Definition
| Mental disorders are caused by specific abnormalities of the brain and nervous system; the medical model has influenced DSM-IV |
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Term
| The Psychodynamic Perspective of the causes of mental disorders |
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Definition
| Mental disorders originate in intrapsychic conflict produced by the id, ego, and superego; defense mechanisms may distort reality |
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Term
| The Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective on the causes of mental disorders |
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Definition
| Mental disorders are learned maladaptive behavior patterns that can best be understood by focusing on social-environmental factors and a person’s perceptions of those factors. |
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Term
| The Humanistic Perspective |
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Definition
| Mental disorders arise when people perceive that they must earn the positive regard of others |
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Term
| The Sociocultural Perspective on the causes of mental disorders |
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Definition
| The socio-cultural environments in which people live play a significant role in the development and expression of mental disorders. Moreover, some mental disorders appear to exist only in certain cultures. |
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Term
| Biopsychosocial Perspective on the causes of mental disorders |
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Definition
| – A causal account of mental disorders based on the idea that mental disorders develop when a person possesses a predisposition for a disorder and faces stressors that exceed his or her ability to cope with them (e.g., diathesis-stress model of vulnerability). |
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Term
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Definition
| bipolar, major depressive disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| In a year, 5.8% of men and 9.5% of women report depression worldwide (WHO, 2002). |
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Term
| Major Depressive Disorder symptoms |
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Definition
Major depressive disorder occurs when signs of depression last two weeks or more and are not caused by drugs or medical conditions.
Lethargy and fatigue
Feelings of worthlessness
Loss of interest in family & friends
Loss of interest in activities |
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Term
| Bipolar Disorder symptoms |
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Definition
depressive: gloomy, withdrawn, inablility to make decisions, tired, slowness of thought
Manic: elation, euphoria, desire for action, hyperactive, multiple ideas. |
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Term
| Biological Perspective on mood disorders |
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Definition
| : Mood disorders run in families. The rate of depression is higher in identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%).Linkage analysis and association studies link possible genes and dispositions for depression |
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Term
| Social-Cognitive Perspective on mood disorders |
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Definition
| The social-cognitive perspective suggests that depression arises partly from self-defeating beliefs and negative explanatory styles. |
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Term
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Definition
The literal translation is “split mind” which refers to a split from reality. A group of severe disorders characterized by the following: Disorganized and delusional thinking.
Disturbed perceptions.
Inappropriate emotions and actions. |
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Term
| Symptoms of Schizophrenia: positive symptoms: |
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Definition
| the presence of inappropriate behaviors (hallucinations, disorganized or delusional talking) |
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Term
| Symptoms of schizophrenia: negative symptoms |
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Definition
| the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies) |
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Term
| flat affect in schizophrenia |
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Definition
| A schizophrenic person may laugh at the news of someone dying or show no emotion at all |
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Term
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Definition
| Patients with schizophrenia may continually rub an arm, rock a chair, or remain motionless for hours |
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Term
| prevalence of schizophrenia |
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Definition
Nearly 1 in a 100 suffer from schizophrenia, and throughout the world over 24 million people suffer from this disease (WHO, 2002).
Schizophrenia strikes young people as they mature into adults. It affects men and women equally, but men suffer from it more severely than women. |
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Term
| Dopamine Overactivity in schizophrenia |
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Definition
| Researchers found that schizophrenic patients express higher levels of dopamine D4 receptors in the brain |
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Term
| abnormal brain activity in schizophrenia |
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Definition
Brain scans show abnormal activity in the frontal cortex, thalamus, and amygdala of schizophrenic patients
Schizophrenia patients may exhibit morphological changes in the brain like enlargement of fluid-filled ventricles. |
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Term
| viral infection of schizophrenia? |
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Definition
| Schizophrenia has also been observed in individuals who contracted a viral infection (flu) during the middle of their fetal development. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and a mental patient |
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Term
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Definition
| uses drugs or other procedures that act on the patient’s nervous system, treating his or her psychological disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| uses various forms of healing techniques depending upon the client’s unique problems |
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Term
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Definition
developed by frued, Since psychological problems originate from childhood repressed impulses and conflicts, the aim of psychoanalysis is to bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness where the patient can deal with them.
When energy devoted to id-ego-superego conflicts is released, the patient’s anxiety lessens. |
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Term
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Definition
| a pschoanalytical approach that frued used when he became dissatisfied with hypnosis. The patient lies on a couch and speaks about whatever comes to his or her mind. |
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Term
| Psychoanalysis: Criticisms |
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Definition
Psychoanalysis is hard to refute because it cannot be proven or disproven.
Psychoanalysis takes a long time and is very expensive. |
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Term
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Definition
| aim to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance. |
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Term
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Definition
a form of humanistic therapy. Developed by Carl Rogers, client-centered therapy is a form of humanistic therapy.
The therapist listens to the needs of the patient in an accepting and non-judgmental way, addressing problems in a productive way and building his or her self-esteem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. To treat phobias or sexual disorders, behavior therapists do not delve deeply below the surface looking for inner causes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Expose patients to things they fear and avoid. Through repeated exposures, anxiety lessens because they habituate to the things feared. |
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Term
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Definition
| Operant conditioning procedures enable therapists to use behavior modification, in which desired behaviors are rewarded and undesired behaviors are either unrewarded or punished. |
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Term
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Definition
| In institutional settings, therapists may create a token economy in which patients exchange a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats. |
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Term
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Definition
| Teaches people adaptive ways of thinking and acting based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. |
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Term
| Beck’s Therapy for Depression |
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Definition
Aaron Beck (1979) suggests that depressed patients believe that they can never be happy (thinking) and thus associate minor failings (e.g. failing a test [event]) in life as major causes for their depression.
Beck believes that cognitions such as “I can never be happy” need to change in order for depressed patients to recover. This change is brought about by gently questioning patients. |
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Term
| Cognitive-Behavior Therapy |
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Definition
Cognitive therapists often combine the reversal of self-defeated thinking with efforts to modify behavior.
Cognitive-behavior therapy aims to alter the way people act (behavior therapy) and alter the way they think (cognitive therapy). |
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Term
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Definition
| Group therapy normally consists of 6-9 people attending a 90-minute session that can help more people and costs less. Clients benefit from knowing others have similar problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Family therapy treats the family as a system. Therapy guides family members toward positive relationships and improved communication. |
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Term
| Is Psychotherapy Effective? |
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Definition
It is difficult to gauge the effectiveness of psychotherapy because there are different levels upon which its effectiveness can be measured.Does the patient sense improvement?
Does the therapist feel the patient has improved?
How do friends and family feel about the patient’s improvement? |
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Term
| type of therapy best for treating depression |
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Definition
| Behavior, Cognition, Interpersonal |
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Term
| best type of therapy for treating anxiety |
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Definition
| Cognition, Exposure, Stress Inoculation |
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Term
| best therapy for treating bulimia |
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Definition
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Term
| best therapy for treating phobias |
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Definition
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Term
| best therapy treatment for bed wetting |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| They have PhDs mostly. They are experts in research, assessment, and therapy, all of which is verified through a supervised internship. |
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Term
| Clinical or Psychiatric Social Worker: |
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Definition
| They have a Masters of Social Work. Postgraduate supervision prepares some social workers to offer psychotherapy, mostly to people with everyday personal and family problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pastoral counselors or abuse counselors work with problems arising from family relations, spouse and child abusers and their victims, and substance abusers |
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Term
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Definition
| They are physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders. Not all psychiatrists have extensive training in psychotherapy, but as MDs they can prescribe medications. |
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Term
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Definition
These include physical, medicinal, and other forms of biological therapiesDrug Therapies
Brain Stimulation
Psychosurgery |
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Term
| antipsychotic drugs: Classical antipsychotics : |
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Definition
| [chlorpromazine (Thorazine)]: Remove a number of positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as agitation, delusions, and hallucinations. |
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Term
| antipsychotic drugs: Atypical antipsychotics : |
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Definition
| [clozapine (Clozaril)]: Remove negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as apathy, jumbled thoughts, concentration difficulties, and difficulties in interacting with othersClozapine (Clozaril) blocks receptors for dopamine and serotonin to remove the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. |
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