Term
|
Definition
| some experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a reflexive reaction that is reliably elicited by an unconditioned stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together |
|
|
Term
| second-order conditioning |
|
Definition
| conditioning where the US is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure in which it was used as a CS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behaviors that are followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" tend to be repeated and those that produce an "unpleasant state of affairs" are less likely to be repeated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made |
|
|
Term
| variable interval scheduling |
|
Definition
| behavior is reinforced base on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses |
|
|
Term
| intermittent-reinforcement effect |
|
Definition
| the fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning that results from the reinforcement of successive approximations to a final desired behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| something is learned but is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mental representation of the physical features of the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning takes place by watching the actions of others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than as random noise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system for communicating with others using signals that convey meaning and are combined according to rules of grammar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the smallest meaningful units of language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the meaning of a sentence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| children map a words onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| devoid of function morphemes and consist mostly of content words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| language development is best explained as an innate, biological capacity |
|
|
Term
| language acquisition device |
|
Definition
| a collection of processes that facilitate language learning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difficulty in producing or comprehending language |
|
|
Term
| linguistic relativity hypothesis |
|
Definition
| language shapes the nature of thought |
|
|
Term
| category-specific deficit |
|
Definition
| an inability to recognize objects that belongs to a particular category while leaving the ability to recognize objects outside the category undisturbed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the best or most typical member of the category |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we make category judgements by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fast and efficient strategies that may facilitate decision making but do not guarantee that a solution will be reached |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a well-defined sequence of procedures or rules that guarantees a solution to a problem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event |
|
|
Term
| representativeness heuristic |
|
Definition
| making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains |
|
|
Term
| frequency format hypothesis |
|
Definition
| our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur, not how likely they are to occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process of searching for the means or steps to reduce the differences between the current situation and the desired goal |
|
|
Term
| analogical problem solving |
|
Definition
| solve a problem by finding a similar problemw ith a known solution and applying that solution to the current problem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| figuring out what to do, or reasoning directed toward action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reasoning directed toward arriving at a belief |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people's judgements about whether to accept conclusions depend more on how believable the conclusions are than on whether the arguments are logically valid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| whether a conclusion follows from two statements that we assume to be true |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a person's subjective experience of the world and the mind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mental screen or stage on which things appear to be presented for viewing by your mind's eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how things seem to the conscious person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study in which people wearing headphones are presented with different messages in each ear |
|
|
Term
| cocktail party phenomenon |
|
Definition
| people tune into one message even while they filter out others nearby |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consciousness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when you know and are able to report your mental state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the person's attention is drawn to the self as an object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the conscious avoidance of a thought |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the attempt to change conscious states of mind |
|
|
Term
| rebound effect of thought suppression |
|
Definition
| the tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression |
|
|
Term
| ironic processes of mental control |
|
Definition
| ironic errors occur because the mental process that monitors errors can itself produce them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's deepest instincts and desires, and the person's inner struggle to control these forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness and keeps them in the unconscious |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all mental processes that are not experienced by the person but that give rise to the person's thoughts, choices, emotions, and behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thought or behavior are influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving |
|
|
Term
| altered state of consciousness |
|
Definition
| a form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a naturally occurring 24-hour cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement and a high level of brain activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a device to measure eye movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sleepwalking, a person arises and walks around while asleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the experience of waking up unable to move |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a dream's apparent topic or superficial meaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a dream's true underlying meaning |
|
|
Term
| activation-synthesis model |
|
Definition
| dreams are produced when the mind attempts to make sense of random activity that occurs in the brain during sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemicals that influence consciousness or behavior by altering the brain's chemical message system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for larger drug doses to be required over time to achieve the same effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alcohol effects are produced by people's expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior is observed following the presence or absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence or absence of a placebo stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances that excite the central nervous system, heightening arousal and activity levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs derived from opium that are capable of relieving pain |
|
|
Term
| endorphins/endogenous opiates |
|
Definition
| neurotransmitters that are closely related to opiates. play a role in how brain copes internally with pain and stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a response to high-risk behaviors that focuses on reducing the harm such behaviors have on people's lives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the leaves and buds of the hemp plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an altered state of consciousness characterized by suggestibility and the feeling that one's actions are occurring involuntarily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the practice of intentional contemplation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the autonomic nervous system and emotional experience in the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a theory about the relationship between emotional experience and physiological activity suggesting that emotions are inferences about the causes of undifferentiated physiological arousal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of cognitive behavioral strategies to influence one's emotional experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a strategy that involves changing one's emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which people predict their emotional reactions to future events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emotional expressions that have the same meaning for everyone |
|
|
Term
| facial feedback hypothesis |
|
Definition
| the hypothesis that emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| norms for the control of emotional expression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the purpose for or cause of an action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the notion that all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an internal state generated by departures from physiological optimality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being fat and severe restriction of food intake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rate at which energy is used by the body |
|
|
Term
| human sexual response cycle |
|
Definition
| the stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to reward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a motivation of which one is aware |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a motivation of which one is not aware |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the motivation to solve worthwhile problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a motivation to experience positive outcomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a motivation not to experience negative outcomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of continuity and change across the life span |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a single cell that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the two week period of prenatal development that begins at conception |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the period of prenatal development that lasts from the second week until about the eighth week |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a brain cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the period of prenatal development that lasts from the ninth week until birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the emergence of ability to execute physical action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the "top-to-bottom" rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from head to feet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the "inside-to-outside" rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from center to periphery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the emergence of the ability to understand the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stage of development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy in which infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around with it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theories about or models of the way the world works |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stage of development that begins at about 18 to 24 months and last until adolescence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stage of development that begins at about 2 years and ends at about 6 years, in which children have a preliminary understanding of the physical world |
|
|
Term
| concrete operational stage |
|
Definition
| the stage of development that begins at about 6 years and ends at about 11 years, in which children acquire a basic understanding of the physical world and a preliminary understanding of their own and others' minds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object's appearance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stage of development that begins around the age of 11 and lasts through adulthood, in which children gain a deeper understanding of their own and others' minds and learn to reason abstractly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that human behavior is guided by mental representation, which gives rise to the realization that the world is not always the way it looks and that different people see it differently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a behavioral test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child's attachment style |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a behavioral test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child's attachment style |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a behavioral test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child's attachment style |
|
|
Term
| internal working model of attachment |
|
Definition
| a set of expectations about how the primary caregiver will respond when the child feels insecure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stage of moral development at which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity and lasts until the beginning of adulthood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the bodily changes associated with sexual maturity |
|
|
Term
| primary sex characteristics |
|
Definition
| bodily structures that are directly involved in reproduction |
|
|
Term
| secondary sex characteristics |
|
Definition
| bodily structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but that are not directly involved in reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stage of development that begins around 18 to 21 years and ends at death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the conceptualization of psychological abnormalities as diseases that, like biological diseases, have symptoms and causes and possible cures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the class of mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature |
|
|
Term
| generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) |
|
Definition
| a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability to function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disorder characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an extreme fear of venturing into public places |
|
|
Term
| obsessive-complulsive disorder (OCD) |
|
Definition
| a disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individual's functioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition in which normal cognitive processes are severely disjointed and fragmented, creating significant disruptions in memory, awareness, or personality that can vary in length from a matter of minutes to many years |
|
|
Term
| dissociative identity disorder (DID) |
|
Definition
| the presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities that at different times take control of the individual's behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sudden loss of memory for significant personal information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sudden loss of memory for one's personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumption of a new identity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature |
|
|
Term
| major depressive disorder |
|
Definition
| a disorder characterized by a severely depressed mood that lasts 2 weeks or more and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disorder that involves the same symptoms as in depression only less severe, but the symptoms last longer, persisting for at least 2 years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a moderately depressed mood that persists at least two years and is punctuated by periods of major depression |
|
|
Term
| seasonal affective disorder (SAD) |
|
Definition
| depression that involves recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are their own fault, unlikely to change, and widespread |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a patently false belief system, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently from one to another unrelated topic |
|
|
Term
| grossly disorganized behavior |
|
Definition
| behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emotional and social withdrawal; apathy; poverty of speech; and other indications of the absence or insufficiency of normal behavior, motivation, and emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emotional involvement and excessive criticism directed toward the former patient by his or her family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning |
|
|
Term
| antisocial personality disorder (APD) |
|
Definition
| a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior whose purpose is to harm another |
|
|
Term
| frustration-aggression principle |
|
Definition
| people aggress when their goals are thwarted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior that benefits another without benefiting oneself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which evolution selects for genes that cause individuals to provide benefits to their relatives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a collection of two or more people who believe they have something in common |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a positive or negative evaluation of another person based on their group membership |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positive or negative behavior toward another group or person based on their group membership |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a human category of which a person is a member |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a human category of which a person is not a member |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for people to expend less effort when in a group than alone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the act of helping strangers in an emergency situation |
|
|
Term
| diffusion of responsibility |
|
Definition
| the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for a group's initial leaning to get stronger over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner's well-being |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a state of affairs in which the cost-benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the control of one person's behavior by another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning that occurs when one person observes another person being rewarded or punished |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| customary standard for behavior that is widely shared by members of a culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a phenomenon whereby one person's behavior is influenced by another person's behavior because the latter provides information about what is appropriate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the norm that people should benefit those who have benefited them |
|
|
Term
| door-in-the-face technique |
|
Definition
| a strategy that uses reciprocating concessions to influence behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to do what authorities tell us to do simply because they tell us to do it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a person's behavior is influenced by another person's behavior because the latter provides information about what is good or true |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a phenomenon that occurs when a person's attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a change in attitudes or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to reason |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a change in attitudes or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to habit or emotion |
|
|
Term
| foot-in-the-door technique |
|
Definition
| a strategy that uses a person's desire for consistency to influence that person's behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the processes by which people come to understand others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which people identify a stimulus as a member of a class of related stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a phenomenon that occurs when observers perceive what they expect to perceive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a phenomenon whereby observers bring about what they expect to perceive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an inference about the cause of a person's behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when a person's behavior was caused by the situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others |
|
|
