Term
|
Definition
| integrate concepts, organize the material in a personally meaningful way |
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Term
|
Definition
| specific strategies for improving memory |
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Term
|
Definition
| the development of biased memories when people are provided with misleading information |
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Term
| Constructive and reconstructive memory |
|
Definition
| during an original experience, we construct a memory in a way that can systematically differ from objective reality. Later over time when we retrieve that memory, we reconstruct it, based on both surviving memories and new expectations we have for what must of happened |
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Term
|
Definition
| vivid memories for the circumstances in which one first learned of a surprising, emotionally-charged event |
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Term
|
Definition
| a partial loss of LTM resulting from disease or brain injury |
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Term
|
Definition
| after brain injury, the los of memory for past events, facts, people, or even personal information |
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Term
|
Definition
| after brain injury, the inability to form new memories |
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Term
|
Definition
| a word-stem completion task (implicit memory) |
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Term
|
Definition
| cues are given during retrieval (false memory test) |
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Term
|
Definition
| produce the memorized items using minimal retrieval cues |
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Term
|
Definition
| a match between internal states during study and tests boosts performance |
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Term
|
Definition
| activating one note in the network triggers activation in close related nodes (networks of meaning associations in LTM) |
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Term
|
Definition
| processing information so that it can be stored (best is by meaning - semantic) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process in which information is transferred into long-term memory |
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Term
|
Definition
| (medial temporal lobes) consolidation of long-term memory |
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Term
| Frontal lobe regions (prefrontal cortex) |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| people have better memory for items presented later in a list (more recentlyO) |
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Term
|
Definition
| people have better memory for items presented first in a list |
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Term
|
Definition
| involves deep semantic processing of a to-be-remembered item resulting in the production of durable memories |
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Term
|
Definition
| the simple repetition (without elaboration) of items that need to be remembered in order to prevent them fading from short-term memory |
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Term
|
Definition
| conscious repetition of information in working memory |
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Term
|
Definition
| (declarative memory) a type of long-term memory that involves the processes and content involved when people remember specific information |
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Term
|
Definition
| memory for one's personal past experiences (episodes) |
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Term
|
Definition
| memory for facts and knowledge about the world |
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Term
|
Definition
| (non-declarative memory) memory without deliberate effort and without any awareness that information is being remembered |
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Term
|
Definition
| involves motor (movement) skills and behavioral habits |
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Term
|
Definition
| improved performance when identifying or processing a stimulus (e.g., a word) that has been previously experienced |
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Term
|
Definition
| (classical conditioning) remembered associations |
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Term
|
Definition
| representations of information in working memory are "traces" that fade in few seconds OR if they are replaced by new items |
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Term
|
Definition
| organizing information into more meaningful units |
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Term
|
Definition
| a limited-capacity memory system that holds information in awareness for a brief period of time |
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Term
|
Definition
| an acoustic (sound) representation of the information |
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Term
|
Definition
| a mental picture of the information |
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Term
|
Definition
| sensory information in the visual system (last 1/3 of a second) |
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Term
|
Definition
| sensory memory in the auditory system |
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Term
|
Definition
| memory for sensory information is stored briefly in its original form |
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|
Term
| Short-term memory store (STM) |
|
Definition
| a limited-capacity memory system that holds information in awareness for a brief period of time (working memory) (lasts 30 seconds) |
|
|
Term
| Long-term memory store (LTM) |
|
Definition
| the relatively permanent repository of information |
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|
Term
| Encoding (Memory processing) |
|
Definition
| processing information so that it can be stored |
|
|
Term
| Storage (Memory processing) |
|
Definition
| the encoded information is retained as a mental representation over time (memories) |
|
|
Term
| Retrieval (Memory processing) |
|
Definition
| recalling or remembering stored information in order to use it |
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Term
|
Definition
| a chimpanzee forms a mental representation of a problem, manipulates the representation until the solution presents itself, then enacts the solution in the real world |
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|
Term
| Suddenness (Insight learning) |
|
Definition
| not observable trial-and-error |
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|
Term
| Availability (Insight learning) |
|
Definition
| can be repeated once discovered (with fewer irrelevant moves) |
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|
Term
| Transferability (Insight learning) |
|
Definition
| can be applied to solve similar problems |
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Term
|
Definition
| mental representation of the layout of a maze in animal learning studies |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when behaviors are acquired or modified following exposure to others performing the behavior |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| involves more than simple associations including trial and error, strategy, and possibly non associative representations and operations |
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Term
|
Definition
| an increase in behavior in order to terminate an event |
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Term
|
Definition
| an increase in behavior in order to avoid aversive events in the first place (abusive family) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that an aversive event is not under one's control, leading to a feeling of helplessness |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| learning in which the desired behavior is reinforced intermittently |
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|
Term
| Ratio schedules (Partial reinforcement) |
|
Definition
| based on the number of responses |
|
|
Term
| Fixed ratio (Partial reinforcement) |
|
Definition
| (constant, every) a schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses is fixed at a particular value |
|
|
Term
| Variable ratio (Partial reinforcement) |
|
Definition
| (changing) a schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses necessary for reinforcement varies unpredictably |
|
|
Term
| Interval schedule (Partial reinforcement) |
|
Definition
| based on a specific unit of time |
|
|
Term
| Fixed ratio (Partial reinforcement) |
|
Definition
| reinforcement occurs after a fixed amount of time |
|
|
Term
| Variable interval (Partial reinforcement) |
|
Definition
| reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable time period elapses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any reinforcer that is innately reinforcing, such as those that satisfy biological needs (hunger, thirst) |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned (secondary) reinforcers |
|
Definition
| events or objects that becomes reinforcers through their repeated pairings with primary reinforcers (money, praise, good grades) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in the probability of behavior being repeated following a pleasurable stimulus (reward) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in the probability of a behavior being repeated through the removal of an aversive stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (plain punishment) a stimulus is presented that decreases the probability of a behavior recurring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (omission) a stimulus is removed decreasing the probability of a behavior recurring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stimulus following a response that increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated |
|
|
Term
| Instrumental conditioning |
|
Definition
| a learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning that the conditioned stimulus no longer predicts the unconditioned stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a conditioned response that disappeared through extinction returns following a presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone (false hope) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repeated conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus pairings lead to increased learning such that the conditioned stimulus can produce the conditioned response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a learned ability to differentiate between two similar stimuli if one is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus and the other is not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned response UCR |
|
Definition
| response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned stimulus UCS |
|
Definition
| stimulus that automatically elicits a response, such as reflex, without any prior learning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| response that has been learned |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place |
|
|
Term
| Classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning) |
|
Definition
| learned response that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus through repeated pairing with that stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves the relationship among stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Sensitization (Non-associative learning) |
|
Definition
| an increase in response following exposure to a threatening stimulus (dark alley, car backfire) |
|
|
Term
| Habituation (Non-associative learning) |
|
Definition
| a decrease in response following repeated exposure to a nonthreatening stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reducing the vast amounts of sensory information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the selective inability to recognize faces due to a brain injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a person's knowledge, experience, and expectations influence perceptual processing (conceptually driven) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perceptual processing using raw sensory data ("data driven" or "stimulus-driven") |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| geometric forms such as arcs, cylinders, cones, blocks and wedge that combine to form natural objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different auditory messages are received in each each, the listener "shadows" only one message |
|
|
Term
| Cocktail party phenomenon |
|
Definition
| ability to focus a single conversation in the midst of a noisy situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the brain's ability to select which sensory stimuli to discard and which to pass along to higher levels for processing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we perceive objects as having a constant size even while our distance of them varies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of an object through all intermediate points in space |
|
|
Term
| Stroboscopic (apparent) motion |
|
Definition
| occurs when two or more slightly different images are presented in rapid succession (flip-books / movies) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a perception of something that differs systematically from reality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
slow: big and far
fast: close and small |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different speeds of two objects provides depth cue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visual cues that provide information about an object's depth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| our perceptual system divides scenes into figure (object of interest) and ground (background) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we tend to fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| figures that resemble each other (shape, color, orientation) tend to be grouped together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the closer two figures are to each other, the more likely they will be grouped together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "organized whole" perceptions are more than the sum of the individual's parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measures temperature, pressure, and pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pitch depends on where the hair cells that fire are located on the basilar membrane (their place) (responsible for high pitch) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pitch depends on the rate of firing of the hair cells (responsible for low pitch( |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| frequency (number of waves per second) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pattern of changes in air pressure over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opposing retinal processes - red-green, yellow-blue, white-black - enable color vision |
|
|
Term
| Trichromatic color vision |
|
Definition
| three types of receptors for colors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electromagnetic waves ranging from 400nm to 700 nm in length determined by hue (wavelength), brightness (intensity), and saturation (mix of wavelengths) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eye's ability to resolve details |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| center of retina, densely packed with cones, best acuity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activated in bright light, support color vision and detail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activated by low light levels, don't support color vision |
|
|
Term
| Light and Neural impulse pathway |
|
Definition
| Ganglion cells -> Bipolar cells - > Rods & Cones (transduction) ->Bipolar cells -> Ganglion cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin inner surface at back of eyeball, it contains the photoreceptors (rods & cones) that transduce light into neural signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aperture or opening that changes in diamater depending on the level of light present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes shape and focuses light on retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the thick, transparent outer area of the eye, refraction focusing |
|
|
Term
| Response bias in Signal Detection Theory |
|
Definition
| a participant's tendency to be more liberal or more conservative in how they report detecting the stimulus on trials where they're not sure |
|
|
Term
| Sensitivity in Signal Detection Theory |
|
Definition
| calculated by comparing the participant's hits and false alarms, ability to discriminate between when the stimulus is present or not |
|
|
Term
| Just noticeable difference |
|
Definition
| the minimum amount of change needed in order to accurately discriminate between different stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the size of the just noticeable difference is based on a relative proportion of difference rather than a fixed amount of difference |
|
|
Term
| Hit (Signal Detection Theory) |
|
Definition
| the signal is present and participant detects it |
|
|
Term
| Miss (Signal Detection Theory) |
|
Definition
| the signal is present and the participant fails to detect it |
|
|
Term
| Correct rejection (Signal Detection Theory) |
|
Definition
| stimulus is not there and participant denies detecting it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| participant mistakenly detects stimulus when it's not there |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the minimum amount of intensity needed for a person to experience a sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how much change in the physical energy is required for us to notice the difference |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how much physical energy is required for our sense receptors to detect that energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the study of the relationship between the physical properties of a stimulus and our experience of them; i.e., our psychological experiences of physical stimuli
(physical stimuli -> psychological experiences) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what the stimulus is like |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how strong the stimulus is |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which sensory receptors take physical or chemical stimulation and produce neural impulses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how the physical properties of stimuli we make contact with (via our sensory receptors) are translated into neural information that the brain works with |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how the brain further processes are detected signals and the resulting internal representation of stimuli and experience in your "mind" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how the sense organs respond to and detect external stimulus energy, and how those response are transmitted to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| times during which the brain is plastic, for some kinds of changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different pitches are represented in different locations in the auditory cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different spatial locations in the world are in different spatial locations in the visual cortex (different orientations as well - orientation columns) |
|
|
Term
| Left hemisphere (Language) |
|
Definition
| language processing including the Broca's area (left frontal lobe) for speech production and the Wernicke's area (left temporal lobe) for language comprehension |
|
|
Term
| Contralateral processing of the visual world |
|
Definition
| light coming in from the left visual field goes to the Right Hemisphere and vice versa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cannot share the information between the hemisphere due to divided corpus callosum |
|
|
Term
| Split brain patients: sees with left eye (right hemisphere) cannot... |
|
Definition
| say it, but can draw it with the left hand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specializes in processing "the big picture" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specializes in fine-tuned processing "the details" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the brain's ability to reorganize and change based on injury, drugs, and experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum of the mammalian brain playing a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
higher cognition (planning, judgement, attention, impulse control, personality, etc.) and primary motor cortex
left side: responsible for speech production (Broca's area) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primary auditory cortex and face recognition
left side: language comprehension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary somatosensory cortex, spatial processing, and navigation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vision (primary visual cortex) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relay center for motor and sensory information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motor movement (Parkinson's disease damages this through lack of dopamine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coordination of movement and motor learning, damage results in jerky, uncoordinated movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formation of new memory, damage results in impairment to encode new memories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| technique of assessing traits and mental abilities by measuring bumps on the human skull (an early technique) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
influences movement, learning, and attention
low dopamine - Parkinson's disease
high dopamine - schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involved in mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
low serotonin - depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enables muscular action, learning, and memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes the inside of the membrane of the axon more positive due to an influx of sodium ions (membrane reaches threshold firing an action potential) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the site of chemical communication between neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurotransmitters are broken down (inactivated) by enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurotransmitters are taken back into "sending" neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if an axon is myelinated, then the action potential "jumps" from on Node of Ranvier to the next |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the point between the soma and axon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an action potentially completely fires or doesn't fire, it cannot partially fire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if enough excitation culminates at axon hillock, membrane depolarizes (such as -20 charge if resting is -70 charge) |
|
|
Term
| Resting membrane potential |
|
Definition
| the membrane state when not firing (-70 charge) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (neural firing) causes brief changes in the electrical charge of the neuron's membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the slender tube that extends from the neuron soma, along which the electrical impulse travels to its conclusion at the terminal buttons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "branches" on the soma that contain synaptic receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made up of specialized glial cells, which wrap around a neuron's axon and speed up the transfer of information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"glue" the other cells, which support neurons
9:1 ratio of glial to neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the smallest unite of behavior |
|
|
Term
| Demand characteristics (in Study) |
|
Definition
| when people's expectations about how they should act or feel changes their behaviors or feelings (countered by having "blind" participants) |
|
|
Term
| Operational definition (in Study) |
|
Definition
| a definition of a behavior or a quality in terms of the procedures used to measure or produce them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is being measured must be operationally defined to reduce variability within and between observers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people have a tendency to select (e.g., remember) evidence that suports their tendencies and reject (e.g, forget or ignore) evidence that refutes their theories (e.g., Watson & Shapiro, 1971) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to a systematic difference between the true state of the universe and an observer's perception |
|
|
Term
| Industrial / organizational psychology |
|
Definition
| concerned with selecting people who are most suitable for particular jobs or designing structures that facilitate collaboration and teamwork |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| performs many of the same functions as clinical psychologists, although they often deal with less severe problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| apply psychological principles to the diagnosis and treatment of emotional and behavioral problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studies the thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that define an individual's personal style of interacting with the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concerned with how people perceive and interpret their social world and how their beliefs, emotions, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concerned with human development and the factors that shape behavior from birth to old age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use experimental methods to study how people (and other animals) react to sensory stimuli, perceive the world, learn and remember, reason, and respond emotionally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| look for the relationship between biological processes and behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used when variables of interest naturally occur (CANNOT talk about cause->effect) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
how two variables are related (r= -1.00 to +1.00)
+: increase together (r=+1.00)
-: one increases, the other decreases (r=-1.00
no correlation: no relationship (r=0) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mathematical technique used to summarize the data collected for the different conditions |
|
|
Term
| Statistically significant |
|
Definition
| the differences between experimental groups tested are unlikely to have occurred by chance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a means of assigning numbers to variables |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a study that tests cause->effect hypothesis by measuring and manipulating variables |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each participant has an equal probability of being placed in any of the groups / conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| something that is controlled and manipulated by the experiment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depends on how the independent variable is manipulated (this is what we measure) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior and mental processes are a function of the subjective perceptions people actively construct about the world |
|
|
Term
| Psychoanalytic perspective |
|
Definition
| behavior stems from unconscious processes rooted in sexual and aggressive impulses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cognitive psychology focuses specifically on mental processes such as perception, memory, reasoning, language, processing, and decision making |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focuses on the relationship between observable stimuli and the resulting responses that a person or animal have to those stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specifies the neurobiological processes that underlie behavior and mental processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior is a result of conditioning and the environment shapes behavior by reinforcing specific habits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a whole personal experience is much greater than simply the sum of its parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the attempt to scientifically breakdown mental experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how does the mind work to adapt to and function in the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| observing and recording the nature of one's own perceptions, thoughts, and feelings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the action we observe that results from all of this mind / brain activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the systemization study of the mind, the brain, and the behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mental activity, such as thoughts and feelings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the mental activity (mind) arises from biological processes buried in brain tissue |
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|
