Term
| 3 types of childhood abuse |
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Definition
| physical, sexual, and exposure to intimate partner violence |
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Term
| Neurobiology of Child Abuse |
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Definition
- reduction in left hippocampus
- reduction in left amygdala
- alterations in GABA receptors in amygdala |
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Term
| Abused as a child and committed suicide |
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Definition
- fewer stress receptors compared to normal suicide or control
- more methylation on genes that code for stress receptors |
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Term
| Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA) |
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Definition
- genes that code for an enzyme that metabolizes neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, and epinephrine) and renders them inactive
- deficiencies in this gene and low activity is linked to aggression in mice and men |
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Term
| greater chance of expressing antisocial behaviour |
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Definition
| MAOA gene + child abuse = |
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Term
| measures of harsh parenting |
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Definition
| hostility, angry coercion, physical attack, and antisocial behaviour |
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Term
| measures of a warmth and supportive partner |
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Definition
| warmth/support, endearment, escalate warmth, and reciprocate warmth |
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Term
Generation 1 -> Generation 2
harsh parenting |
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Definition
| r = 0.30 (moderately associated, still significant) |
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Term
| with warm romantic partner |
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Definition
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Term
| without warm romantic partner |
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Definition
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Term
| unresolved trauma or loss |
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Definition
| this dirsupts the ability of a mother to respond sensitively to infant and possibly intensifies the behaviour of the child when alarmed |
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Term
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Definition
| when unresolved mothers show evidence of this, their infants will have secure attachments |
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Term
| Evolutionary: Cinderella Effect |
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Definition
- child abuse and child murder is more common by step parents then natural parents
- especially in the 0-2 age range |
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Term
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Definition
- low perceived power = assume children are more powerful
- child as an agent; parent as victim |
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Term
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Definition
| - adults low on powerlessness show elevated heart rates in response to an unrelated child who ignored them |
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Term
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Definition
| - child with difficult temperament and a parent who has perceived lower power leads to |
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Term
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Definition
- regulates, controls, and manages thoughts and actions
- capacities for self-control
- goal-directed problem solving and persistence |
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Term
| 5 types of Executive Functions |
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Definition
1. ability to inhibit behaviour
2. ability to use visual images
3. ability to talk to yourself
4. ability to control our emotions and motivation
5. ability to plan and problem solve |
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Term
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Definition
| parent needs to keep track of recent caregiving events and remember caregiving priorities in the face of competing demands for her attention |
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Term
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Definition
| parent needs to recognize automatic responses to emotionally upsetting parent-child interactions and consider alternative responses |
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Term
| selective and flexible control |
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Definition
| parent needs to focus and switch attention while ignoring other competing pressures or signals |
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Term
| Fewer maternal depressive symptoms |
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Definition
| greater attention bias to infants distress face is associated with |
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Term
| Distractibility or less parenting distress |
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Definition
| greater attention bias to infants emotion face is associated with |
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Term
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Definition
| - too little or too much of an infant cry may be problematic for parent responsiveness, reflecting and imbalance in feeling and thought |
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Term
| Greater vagal suppression |
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Definition
- in response to infant cries in securely attached mothers
- in response to infant cries in highly sensitive and non-harsh parents |
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Term
| Anterior cingulate cortex |
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Definition
divided into ventral (emotional) and dorsal (cogntive)
- blood flow increases in ventral and decreases to dorsal during a conflict task with emotional distractions |
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Term
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Definition
| early positive ERP that is associated with enhanced attention to a task following an emotional distraction (laugh) |
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Term
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Definition
| a late negative ERP that is associated with conflict processing and activation of ACC and with modulation by emotional stimuli (cry) |
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Term
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Definition
- regulated to attachment, perceived emotions and vagal regulation
- appears to be produced by reciprocal suppression between emotional and cognitive processes associated with sub-regions of the ACC |
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Term
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Definition
| - humans evolved because there is more than one person taking care of the child |
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Term
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Definition
| understanding the minds of others |
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Term
| maternal reflective function |
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Definition
| critically transforms the infants emotional responses into a mental content that become associated with a language of desire and belief (early social origins of theory of mind) |
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Term
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Definition
1. internalizing - insecure (anxiety and depression)
2. externalizing - disorganized (impulse control and anti-social) |
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Term
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Definition
| insecure attachment strategy, and if you show a lot of anxiety then that means you’re worrying about whether your parent is going to come in the room or not; if you’re depressed or avoidant, then you’ve resigned and you’ve realized your parent isn’t coming back and you don’t care anymore |
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Term
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Definition
| no strategy at all; you don’t have a way to narrate your deregulated experience you just act it out – if you feel upset…it’s not because your mom not coming back, it’s just about not having any person to think about in regards to your dysregulation, so you take it out on anyone; usually in children who have an impulse control problem |
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Term
| internet addiction disorder |
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Definition
| - a decrease in brain functional connectivity in adolescents who have this |
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Term
| schematic representation of memory reactivation and consolidation during sleep |
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Definition
| o Memory fragments retrieved during sleep -> dreams -> new memory connections formed -> memory storage selectively improved |
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Term
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Definition
- know how to self-soothe themselves back to sleep when they wake up
- at 4 months increase capacity in memory |
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Term
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Definition
behaviour problems - externalizing and internalizing symptoms
neurocognitive functions - such as executive functioning |
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Term
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Definition
- might be due to the fact that they don’t sleep enough, or don’t go to sleep on their own, or because they don’t have good sleeping patterns
- they had later bedtime, less sleep duration, shorter period of interrupted sleep, and more signaling during the night – they’re not self-soothing |
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Term
| Sympathetic = Pre-ejection period (PEP) |
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Definition
| can be measured with impedance cardiography to approximate duration of isovolumetric contraction. Defined as the interval between systole (Q-wave) and left ventricular ejection (B-point of the thoracic Impedance signal); measures the amount of time that your valve of your heart is being opened |
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Term
| Parasympathetic = Respiratory Sinus Arythmia (RSA; vagal tone) |
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Definition
| computed from spectral analyses of inter-beat interval data |
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Term
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Definition
| adults with lower SES are more likely to have inappropriate sleep duration and poorer sleep quality due to the multiple jobs and long shifts |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to fully arouse from SWS (i.e. states of confusion & lowers cerebral reactivity) – examples can include nightmares, night terrors, somnambulism, enuresis |
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Term
| low internalizing problems |
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Definition
| lower parasomnia and high cortisol |
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Term
| high internalizing problems |
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Definition
| high parasomnia and higher cortisol |
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Term
| pre-natal alcohol syndrome |
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Definition
| people who were exposed to more alcohol, showed greater elevation in stress response (boys), but in girls, no significant differences for girls whose mothers had more than 1 drink a week or less than one drink a week |
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Term
| moderate amounts of sleep |
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Definition
| leads to excelled memory, and increases explicit memory |
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Term
| stress receptors in hippocampus |
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Definition
- involved with enhancement and destruction of memory
- increase cortisol - dirsupt long-term potentiation |
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Term
| dendritic spines and synapses |
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Definition
| these are forming during the night after you have learned something |
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Term
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Definition
| encoding, retrieval and consolidation/reconsolidation |
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Term
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Definition
o Occurs between retrieval and encoding
o You can damage learning something if this process is disrupted
o Have to learn plasticity and learning to our advantage |
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Term
| in human mothers from 2 weeks to 4 months, structural increases in |
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Definition
| PFC, hypothalamus, amygdala, ACC, and substantia nigra |
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Term
| greater maternal sensitivty |
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Definition
| greater activation in the amygdala was associated with |
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Term
| Breaking the cycle of abuse |
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Definition
| - having a good close relationship with a romantic partner (showing positive communication) |
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Term
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Definition
| more likely to have inappropriate sleep duration and poorer sleep quality due to multiple jobs and long shifts |
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