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psyc1200
psychology 1200 FINAL
218
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/12/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
what is personality?
Definition

-the distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling and acting that characterize a person's responses to life situations

 

Term
what are the 3 characteristics of an individual's personality?
Definition

1. components of identity that distinguish that person from other ppl

2.the behaviours are viewed as being caused primarily by internal rather than environmental factors

3.person's behaviours seem to "fit together" in a meaningful fashion, suggesting an inner personality that guides and directs behaviour

Term
what was Freud's first book? when was it published?
Definition

-the interpretation of dreams

-1900

*only 600 copies sold

Term
what is psychic energy?
Definition
-generated by instinctual rives, this energy powers the mind and constantly presses for either direct/indirect release
Term
what is conscious mind?
Definition
immediate awareness of current environment
Term
what is preconscious mind?
Definition
available to awareness (names of friends, home address)
Term
what is your unconscious mind?
Definition
unavailable to awareness (infantile memories, repressed wishes and conflicts)
Term
Freud divided personality into 3 separate structures, what are they?
Definition

1. id

2. ego

3. superego

Term
define id
Definition

-desire

-operates on pleasure principle

-the primitive and unconscious part of the personality that contains the instincts

 

Term

pleasure principle?

 

Definition
the drive for instant need of gratification that is characteristic of the id
Term
define ego
Definition

-mediator

-operates on reality principle

-the 'executive' of the personality that is partly conscious and that mediates between the impulses of the id, the prohibitions of the superego and the dictates of reality

Term
what is reality principle?
Definition
the ego's tendency to take reality into account and to act in a rotational fashion in satisfying its needs
Term
define superego
Definition

-morality

-strives for perfection

-the moral arm of the personality that internalizes the standards and values of society and serves as the person's conscience

Term
what are defence mechanisms?
Definition
unconscious processes by which the ego prevents the expression of anxiety-arousing impulses or allows them to appear in disguised forms
Term
who is Jean-Martin Charcot?
Definition

-a neuro surgeon in France

-influences Freud's thinking on altered states of consciousness

-gets him thinking about sex

1825-1893

Term
what is the case of 'Anna O'?
Definition

-Josef Breuer

-also influences Freud's thinking, on "catharsis"

-write a book together

 

Term
what is catharsis?
Definition
the discharge of aggressive energy and temp. reduction of the impulse to aggress argued to occur through performing an act of aggression
Term
What is repression?
Definition

the basic defence mechanism that actively keeps anxiety-arousing aterial in the unconscious

 

ex: a person who was sexually abused in childhood develops amnesia for the event

Term
what is denial?
Definition

a person refuses to acknowledge anxiety-arousing aspects of the environment. The denial may involve either the emotions connected with the event or the event itself

 

ex: a man who is told he has terminal cancer, refuses to consider the possibility that he will not recover

Term
what is displacement?
Definition

an unacceptable or dangerous impulse is repressed, then directed at a safer substitute target

 

ex: a man who is harassed by his boss experiences no anger at work, goes home and abuses his wife and children

Term
what is intellectualization?
Definition

the emotion connected with an upsetting event is repressed, and the situation is dealt with as an intellectually interesting event

 

ex: a person who has been rejected in an imp. relationship talks in a highly rational manner about the "interesting unpredictability of love relationships"

Term
what is projection?
Definition

an unacceptable impulse is repressed, then attributed to (projected onto) other ppl.

 

ex: a woman with strong repressed desires to have an affair continually accuses her husband of being unfaithful

Term
what is rationalization?
Definition

person constructs a false but plausible explanation or excuse for an anxiety-arousing behaviour or event that has already occured

 

ex: a student caught cheating on an exam, justify by pointing out prof tests are unfair and besides everyone else was cheating too

Term
what is reaction formation?
Definition

an anxiety-arousing impulse is repressed, its psychic energy finds release in an exaggerated expression of the opp. behaviour

 

ex: a mom who harbours feelings of hatred for her child represses them and becomes overprotective of the child

Term

what is sublimation?

 

Definition

a repressed impulse is released in the form of socially acceptable or even admired behaviour

 

ex: a man w/ strong hostile impulses becomes an investagative reporter who ruins political careers w/ his stories

Term
what is regression?
Definition
a psychoanalytic defence mechanism in which a person retreats back to an earlier stage of development in response to stress
Term
what is analytic psychology?
Definition
Jung's expansion of Freud's notion of the unconscious; Jung believed that humans possess not only a personal unconscious based on their life experiences, but also a collective unconscious that consists of memories accumulated throughout the entire history of the human race
Term
what are archetypes?
Definition

innate concepts and memories -> ex: god, the hero, the good mother

memories that reside in the collective unconscious (Jung)

Term
what are obj. relations?
Definition
the images or mental representations that people form of themselves and other ppl as a result of early experience with caregivers
Term
what is self-actualization?
Definition
in humanistic theories, an inborn tendency to strive toward the realization of one's full potential
Term
what is self-consistency?
Definition
an absence of conflict among self-perceptions
Term
what is congruence?
Definition
consistency between self-perceptions and experience
Term
The need for positive regard is what exactly?
Definition

-acceptance, sympathy and love from others and self

-essential for healthy development

-ideally, +ve regard received from parents is unconditional

-independent of how the child behaves

 

Term
what is unconditional positive regard?
Definition

-communicates that the child is inherently worthy of love

-a communicated attitude of total and unconditional acceptance of another person that conveys the person's intrinsic worth

Term
what is conditional positive regard?
Definition
dependent on how the child behaves
Term
what is conditions of worth?
Definition
internalized standards of self-worth fostered by conditional positive regard from others
Term
what are fully-functioning persons?
Definition
Roger's term for self-actualized people who are free from unrealistic conditions of worth and who exhibit congruence, spontaneity, creativity, and a desire to develop still further
Term
what is self-esteem?
Definition
how pos. or neg. we feel about ourselves
Term
what is self-verification?
Definition
the tendency to try to verify or validate one's existing self-concept (that is to satisfy congruence needs)
Term
what is self-enhancement?
Definition
processes whereby one enhances positive self-regard
Term
what is a gender schema?
Definition
organized mental structures that contain our understanding of the attributes and behaviours that are appropriate and expected for males and females
Term

personality roots in childhood

-info. slide

Definition

-Freud became convinced that patients problems often stemmed from childhood

-stages of sexual development that we must passed without becoming fixated to move onto next stage

Term
what is factor analysis?
Definition
Term

Roots in Childhood

ORAL STAGE

Definition

- 0->2 years

-fixation = self-indulgence, dependency

-erogenous zone = mouth

Term

Roots in Childhood

ANAL STAGE

 

 

Definition

-2->3 years

-fixation = compulsive cleanliness and rigid rules, or messy and dominant 

-> anal retentive and anal expulsive 

-erogenous zone = Anus

Term

Roots in Childhood

PHALLIC STAGE

 

 

Definition

-3->7 years

-oedipus complex for boys (castration anxiety)

-penis envy for girls -> fixation: move to identity with same sex parent or gender confusion

-erogenous zone = genitals

Term

Roots in Childhood

LATENCY STAGE

 

Definition

-7->11 years

-period of dormant sexuality

 

Term

Roots in Childhood

GENITAL STAGE

 

Definition

-11->adult

-formation of social and sexual relationships

-erogenous = back to genital

Term
what is circular reasoning?
Definition
ex: why is the 5 yr old boy behaving oddly toward his father/b.c. he is in the Oepidal conflict/how do we know he is in the Oepidal conflict/b.c. he behaves oddly toward his father
Term
Cattell's 16 Personality Factors
Definition

-found 16 basic behaviour clusters through factor analysis

-can be reduced to 5 global factors

>extraversion

>anxiety

>tough-mindedness

>independence

>self-control

Term
Eysenck's Model 
Definition

-introversion-extroversion

-stability-instability (use to be stability-neuroticism = refers to emotional stability)

-these 2 traits were thought to be independent of each other and produce various combinations of "traits"

 

Term
5 Factor Model
Definition

-the 'big five' are thought to be universal

1. openness

2. conscientiousness

3. extraversion

4. agreeableness

5. neuroticism

*variations on 5 factors create diversity in personalities

Term
what is self-monitoring?
Definition
a personality trait that reflects ppl's tendencies to regulate their social behaviour in accord w/ situational cues as opposed to internal values, attitudes and needs
Term

what is social cognitive?

THEORY

HYPNOSIS

Definition

THEORY -> a cognitive-behavioural approach to personality, developed by Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel, that emphasizes the role of social learning, cognitive processes and self-regulation

HYPNOSIS -> the view that hypnotic experiences occur b.c. ppl are highly motivated to assume the role of being "hypnotized"

Term
what is reciprocal determinism?
Definition
Bandura's model of two-way casual relations between ppl, behaviour and the environment
Term
what is internal-external locus of control?
Definition

-Rotter's concept

-an expectancy concerning the degree of personal control we have in our lives

-ppl who have INTERNAL believe that life outcomes are under control/depend on own behaviour

-ppl who have EXTERNAL believe that their fates have less to do with their own control (fate, luck, chance)

Term
what is self-efficacy?
Definition
the conviction that we can perform the behaviours necessary to produce a desired outcome
Term

what is a behavioural assessment?

 

Definition
explicit coding system devised by psychologists that contains the behavioural categories of interest
Term
what is remote behavioural sampling?
Definition
researchers and clinicians collect samples of behaviour from respondents as they live their daily lives
Term
what is rational-theoretical approach?
Definition
an approach to test construction in which test items are made up on the basis of a theorist's conception of a construct
Term
what is empirical approach?
Definition
an approach to test construction in which items (regardless of their content) are chosen that differentiate between two groups that are known to differ on a particular personality variable
Term
what is MMPI?
Definition

-Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

-a widely used personality test whose items were developed using the empirical approach and by comparing various kinds of psychiatric patients with normal patient

Term
what are projective tests?
Definition
tests, such as the Rorschach and the TAT, that present ambiguous stimuli to the subject; the responses are assumed to be based on a projection of internal characteristics of the person onto the stimuli
Term

Evaluating the trait approach

ADVANTAGES

Definition
focused attention on value of identifying and measuring personality dispositions
Term

Evaluating the trait approach

DISADVANTAGES

Definition
describes structure of personality and individual differences but cannot explain underlying psychological mechanisms that produce traits
Term

what is trephination?

 

Definition
an early tx for disordered behaviour was this, it involves a hole chiselled through the skull to release the evil spirit thought to be causing the abnormal behaviour. Some ppl survived, many died
Term
what is the vulnerability-stress model?
Definition
a model that explains behaviour disorders as resulting from predisposing biological or psychological vulnerability factors that are triggered by a stressor
Term

what is vulnerability?

 

Definition
a predispostion that can have a biological basis, such as our genotype, a brain malfunction or a hormonal factor
Term

what is a stressor?

 

Definition
situations that place demands on organisms that tax or exceed their resources
Term
judgement of abnormality: the 3 D's!
Definition

1. Distressing to self or others

2. Deviant - violates social norm

3. Dysfunctional for person or society

Term
what is abnormal behaviour?
Definition
behaviour that is personally distressful, personally dysfunctional, and/or so culturally deviant that other ppl judge it to be inappropriate or maladaptive
Term
what is reliability?
Definition
in psychological testing, the consistency with which a measure assesses a given characteristic, or different observers agree on a given score
Term
what is validity?
Definition
the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to; the degree to which a diagnostic system's categories contain the core features of the behaviour disorders and permit differentiation among the disorders
Term
what is competency?
Definition
a legal decision that a defendant is mentally capable of understanding the nature of criminal charges, participating meaningfully in a trial, and consulting with an attorney
Term
what is insanity?
Definition
a legal decision that a defendant was so severely impaired at the time a crime was committed that he or she was incapable of appreciating the wrongfulness of the act or of controlling his or her behaviour
Term
what are anxiety disorders?
Definition
a group of behaviour disorders in which anxiety and associated maladaptive behaviours are the core of the disturbance
Term
the 4 symptoms of Anxiety
Definition

1.Emotional - feelings of tension

-apprehension

 

2.Cognitive - worry

-thoughts about inability to cope

 

3.Physiological - increased heart rate

-muscle tension

-other autonomic arousal symptoms

 

4.Behavioural - avoidance of feared situations

-decreased task performance

-increased startle response

Term
what are phobias?
Definition
strong and irrational fears of particular objects or circumstances
Term
what are agoraphobia?
Definition
a phobia centred around open spaces and public places
Term
what are social phobias?
Definition
excessive and inappropriate fear of social situations in which a person might be evaluated and possibly embarrassed
Term
what are specific phobias?
Definition
irrational and excessive fear of specific objects or situations that pose little or no actual threat
Term
what is generalized anxiety disorder?
Definition
a chronic state of diffuse, or 'free-floating' anxiety that is not attached to specific situations or objects
Term
what are panic disorders?
Definition
an anxiety disorder characterized by unpredictable panic attacks and a pervasive fear that another will occur; may also include a resulting agoraphobia
Term
what is obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Definition

-OCD

-an anxiety disorder characterized by persistent and unwanted thoughts and compulsive behaviour

Term
what are obsessions?
Definition
an unwanted and disturbing thought or image that invades consciousness and is very difficult to control
Term
what are compulsions?
Definition
a repetitive act that the person feels compelled to carry out, often in response to an obsessive thought or image
Term
what is biological preparedness?
Definition
the notion that evolutionary factors have produced an innate readiness to learn certain associations that have had survival implications in the past
Term
what is neurotic anxiety?
Definition
in psychoanalytic theory, a state f anxiety that arises when impulses from the id threaten to break through into behaviour 
Term
what are culture-bound disorders?
Definition
behaviour disorders whose specific forms are restricted to one particular cultural context
Term
what is bulimia nervosa?
Definition
an eating disorder, includes bingeing and purging
Term
what is anorexia nervosa?
Definition
an eating disorder involving a severe and sometimes fatal restriction of food intake
Term
what are mood disorders?
Definition
psychological disorders whose core conditions involve maladaptive mood states, such as depression or mania
Term
what is major depression?
Definition
a mood disorder characterized by intense depression that interferes markedly with functioning
Term
what is dysthymia?
Definition
a depressive mood disorder of moderate intensity that occurs over a long period of time but does not disrupt functioning as a major depression does
Term

4 symptoms of Depression

 

Definition

1.Emotional - sadness

-hopelessness

-anxiety

-misery

-inability to enjoi

 

2.Cognitive - negative cognitions about self, world and future

 

3.Motivational - loss of interest

-lack of drive

-difficulty starting anything

 

4.Somatic - loss of appetite

-lack of energy

-sleep difficulties

-weight loss/gain

Term
what is bipolar disorder?
Definition
mood disorder in which intermittent mania appears against a background of depression
Term
what is mania?
Definition
a state of intense emotional and behavioural excitement in which a person feels very optimistic and energized
Term
what is depressive cognitive triad?
Definition

what depressed ppl fall into, they have negative thoughts towards the world, oneself and the future seems to pop into consciousness automatically

-many depressed ppl cannot control their negative thoughts

Term
what is depressive attributional pattern?
Definition
the tendency of depressed people to attribute negative outcomes to their own inadequacies and positive ones to factors outside themselves
Term
what is learned helplessness theory?
Definition
a theory of depression that states that if people are unable to control life events, they develop a state of helplessness that leads to depressive symptoms
Term

interpretations of life outcomes

(self-enhancement attributional pattern/non-depressed ppl)

Definition

-depressed ppl attribute -ve outcomes to themselves

-depressed ppl attribute +ve outcomes to factors outside themselves

-non-depressed ppl attribute +ve outcomes to themselves

-non-depressed ppl attribute -ve outcomes to factors outside themsleves

Term
Lewinsohn's behavioural model of depression
Definition
depression -> decreased reward-seeking behaviour, avoidance of others -> increased depression -> noxious behaviours that alienate others and reduce social support -> deeper depression -> inadequate positive reinforcement or many punishers
Term
what are somatoform disorders?
Definition
a disorder in which a person complains of bodily symptoms that cannot be accounted for in terms of actual physical damage or dysfunction
Term
what is hypochondriasis?
Definition
a somatoform disorder characterized by an overreaction to physical symptoms and a conviction that one has or is on the verge of a serious illness
Term
what is pain disorder?
Definition
a somatoform disorder in which the person's complaints of pain cannot be accounted for in terms of physical damage
Term
what is conversion disorder?
Definition
disorder in which serious neurological symptoms, such as paralysis, loss of sensation or blindness can suddenly occur
Term
what is a dissociative disorder?
Definition
disorders which involve a major dissociation of personal identity or memory
Term
what is psychogenic amnesia?
Definition
an extensive, but selective memory loss that occurs after a traumatic event
Term
what is psychogenic fugue?
Definition
a dissociative phenomenon in which a person loses all sense of personal identity and may wander to another place and establish a new identity
Term
what is DID?
Definition

-dissociative identity disorder

-a dissociative disorder in which two or more separate identities or personalities coexist within an individual

Term
what is trauma-dissociation theory?
Definition
a theory that accounts for the development of dissociative identity disorder in terms of dissociation as a defiance against severe childhood abuse or trauma
Term
what is schizophrenia?
Definition
a psychotic disorder involving serious impairment of attention, thought, language, emotion and behaviour
Term
what are delusions?
Definition
false beliefs, often involving themes of persecution or grandeur, that are sustained in the face of evidence that normally would be sufficient to destroy them
Term
what are hallucinations?
Definition
false perceptions that have a compelling sense of reality
Term
what is the dopamine hypothesis?
Definition
view that the symptoms of schizophrenia are produced by overactivity of the dopamine system in areas of the brain that regulate emotional expression, motivated behaviour and cognitive functioning
Term
what is expressed emotion?
Definition
a family interaction pattern involving criticism, hostility and over involvement that is associated with relapse when formerly hospitalized schizophrenic patients return home
Term

levels of analysis for schizophrenia

BIOLOGICAL

Definition

-clear genetic predisposition

-degenerative brain atrophy

-abnormalities in thalamus may produce disordered sensory input

-overactivity of excitatory neuro-transmitters, particularly dopamine

-frontal lobe dysfunction impairs executive functions

Term

levels of analysis for schizophrenia

PSYCHOLOGICAL

 

 

Definition

-regression to early developmental stage under severe stress

-attentional filtering problem; over-whelmed by stimulation

-disordered language processes that impair comprehension, comunication

-executive function deficits, resulting in poor self-management

-deficits in emotional responding

-thought disorder, including possible delusions

Term

levels of analysis for schizophrenia

ENVIRONMENTAL

 

 

Definition

-stressful life events typically precede breakdown

-possible but as yet unidentified family dynamics

-neg. responses from others evoked by individual's odd behaviours

-expressed emotion by family related to relapses

-low socioeconomic settings (may be cause or effect)

-similar incidence across cultures, but better recovery in developing countries

Term
what are personality disorders?
Definition
stable, inflexible and maladaptive personality styles
Term
what are externalizing disorders?
Definition
disorders directed toward the environment in the form of behaviours that are disruptive and often aggressive
Term
what is ADHD?
Definition

-attention-defecit/hyperactivity disorder

-disorder in which problems may take the form of attentional difficulties, hyperactivity-impulsivity or a combination of the two that results in impaired functioning

Term
what is ODD?
Definition

-oppositional defiant disorder

-disorder in which a child consistently behaves in a disobedient, defiant and hostile manner that interferes with the child's functioning and interpersonal relationships

Term
what is conduct disorder?
Definition
disorder in which children ciolate important social norms and show disregard for the rights of others
Term
what are internalizing disorders?
Definition
disorders, such as anxiety disorders and mood disorders, that involve maladaptive thoughts and emotions
Term
what is dementia?
Definition
the gradual loss of cognitive abilities that accompanies brain deterioration and interferes with normal functioning
Term
what is alzheimer's disease?
Definition
the leading cause of dementia in the elderly, accounting for about 60% of senile dementias
Term

what is the Rorschach?

 

 

Definition

-on three major levels

1.location

2.content

3.determinants

-comprehensive scoring system -> some patterns imply normal personality and some imply psychopathology

Term

Types of therapies for psychological disorders

PSYCHODYNAMIC

Definition

-psychoanalysis (Freud)

-brief psychodynamic therapies

Term

Types of therapies for psychological disorders

HUMANISTIC

 

Definition

-client-centered therapy (Rogers)

-gestalt therapy (Peris)

Term

Types of therapies for psychological disorders

COGNITIVE

 

Definition

-rational-emotive therapy (Ellis)

-cognitive therapy (Beck)

 

Term

Types of therapies for psychological disorders

BEHAVIOURAL

 

 

Definition

-classical conditioning

->exposure

->systematic desensitization 

->aversion therapy

 

-operant conditioning

->positive reinforcement

->punishment

 

-modelling

->social skills training

Term

Types of therapies for psychological disorders

BIOLOGICAL

 

 

Definition

-drug therapy

-electroconvulsive therapy

-psychosurgery

 

Term
what is insight?
Definition
in Gestalt psychology, the sudden perception of a useful relationship or solution to a problem; in psychoanalysis, the conscious awareness of unconscious dynamics that underlie psychological problems
Term
what is free association?
Definition
in psychoanalysis, the procedure of verbalizing all thoughts that enter consciousness without censorship
Term
what is resistance?
Definition
largely unconscious manoeuvres that protect clients from dealing with anxiety-arousing material in therapy
Term
what is transference?
Definition
the psychoanalytic phenomenon in which a client responds irrationally to the analyst as if the latter were an important person from the client's past who plays an important role in the client's dynamics
Term
what is interpretation?
Definition
in psychoanalysis, a statement made by the analyst that is intended to promote insight in the client
Term
what is interpersonal therapy?
Definition
a form of brief therapy that focuses on the client's interpersonal problems and seeks to develop new interpersonal skills
Term
what were the three important and interrelated therapist attributes that Carl Rogers initiated?
Definition

1.Unconditional positive regard ->therapists show clients that they genuinely care about and accept them w/o judgement

 

2.Empathy ->willingness and ability to view world through the client's eyes

 

3.Genuineness ->must be consistency between the way the therapist feels an the way s/he behaves

Term

what is Gestalt therapy?

 

Definition

-often carried out in groups

-Gestalt therapists goal is to bring immediate awareness so that the client can be 'whole' once again

Term
Elllis's rational-emotive therapy theory
Definition

-Ellis's theory of emotional disturbance and his rational-emotive therapy are embodied in his ABCD model

A = 'activating event' that seems to trigger the emotion

B = 'belief system' that underlies the way in which a person appraises the event

C = emotional and behavioural 'consequences' of that appraisal

D = key to changing maladaptive emotions and behaviours: 'disputing' or challenging, an erroneous belief system

Term
what is self-instructional training?
Definition
a cognitive coping approach of giving adaptive self-instructions to oneself at crucial phases of the coping process
Term
what is exposure (therapy)?
Definition
a therapeutic technique designed to extinguish anxiety responses by exposing clients to anxiety-arousing stimuli or situations while preventing escape or avoidance through response prevention
Term
what is response prevention?
Definition
the prevention of escape or avoidance responses during exposure to an anxiety-arousing CD so that extinction can occur
Term
what is flooding?
Definition
when the client is exposed to real life stimuli
Term
what is implosion therapy?
Definition
when the client is asked to imagine scenes involving the stimuli
Term
what is systematic desensitization?
Definition
an attempt to eliminate anxiety using counterconditioning, in which a new response that is incompatible with anxiety is conditioned to the anxiety-arousing conditioned stimulus
Term
what is counterconditioning?
Definition
the process of conditioning an incompatible response to a particular stimulus in order to eliminate a maladaptive response (ex: anxiety) as occurs in systematic desensitization
Term
what is stimulus hierarchy?
Definition
in systematic desensitization, the creation of a series of anxiety-arousing stimuli that are ranked in terms of the amount of anxiety they evoke
Term
what is in vivo desensitization?
Definition
desensitization can be accomplished through carefully controlled exposure to a hierarchy of real-life situations
Term
what is aversion therapy?
Definition
the pairing of a CS that currently evokes a positive but maladaptive response with a noxious UCS in an attempt to condition repulsion towards the CS
Term
what is behaviour modification?
Definition
therapeutic procedures based on operant conditioning principles such as positive reinforcement, operant extinction and punishment
Term
what is token economy?
Definition
a procedure in which desirable behaviours are reinforced with tokens or points that can later be redeemed for other reinforcers 
Term
what is social skill training?
Definition
a technique in which a client learns more effective social behaviours by observing and imitating a skilful model
Term
what does 'becoming electric' pertain to/mean?
Definition
-combining treatments and making use of whatever orientations and therapeutic techniques seem appropriate to the particular client they are treating
Term
what is psychodynamic behaviour therapy?
Definition
an integration of psychoanalysis and behaviour therapy
Term
what is cultural competence?
Definition
a set of therapeutic skills, including scientific mindedness, the ability to consider both cultural and individual factors and the capacity to introduce culture-specific elements into therapy with ppl from minority cultures
Term
what is a specificity question?
Definition
the ultimate question of psychotherapy research: 'which types of therapy, administered by which kinds of therapists to which kinds of clients having which kinds of problems, produce which kinds of effects?'
Term
what is spontaneous remission?
Definition
improvements in symptoms in the absence of any therapy
Term
what are randomized clinical trials?
Definition
a research design that involves the random assignment of clients having specific problems to an experimental (therapy) group or to a control condition so as to draw sound casual conclusions about the therapy's efficacy
Term
what is a placebo control group?
Definition
a control group that receives an intervention that is assumed to have no therapeutic value
Term
what is meta-analysis?
Definition
a statistical procedure for combining the results of different studies that examine the same topic
Term
what is effect size statistic?
Definition
common measure of treatment effectiveness
Term
what is clinical significance?
Definition
according to Neil Jacobson - requires that at the end of therapy, clients' depression scores fall within the range for non-depressed ppl
Term
what is openness?
Definition
a willingness to invest oneself in the process of therapy that predicts favourable therapeutic outcomes
Term
what is self-relatedness?
Definition
the ability to be flexible to change, to listen carefully to the therapist and to use constructively what is learned in therapy
Term
what is dose-response effect?
Definition
the relation between the amount of treatment received and the quality of the outcome
Term
what are common factors?
Definition

-therapeutic elements that are possessed by virtually any type of therapy and which may contribute to the similar positive effects shown by many different treatment approaches

example:

-faith in the therapist and a belief on the part of clients that they are recieving help

-a plausible explanation for their problems and an alternative way of looking at themselves and their problems

-a protective setting in which clients can experience and express heir deepest feelings within a supportive relationship

-an opportunity to practice new behaviours

-increased optimism and self-efficacy

Term
what is tardive dyskinesia?
Definition
an irreversible motor disorder that can occur as a side effect of certain antipsychotic drugs
Term
what is electroconvulsive therapy?
Definition

-ECT

-a biomedical technique involving the application of electrical current to the brain that is used primarily to reduce severe depression

Term

what is psychosurgery?

 

Definition
surgical procedures, such as lobotomy or cingulotomy, in which brain tissue involved in a behaviour disorder is removed or destroyed
Term

THERAPEUTIC BEHAVIOUR CHANGE

biological

Definition
-changes in neurotrasmitter, autonomic, or hormonal activity brought about by drug treatment, psychotherapy or surgical procedures
Term

eTHERAPEUTIC BEHAVIOUR CHANGE

psyschological

Definition

-cognitive and emotional changes brought about by cognitive therapies

-modifications of conditioned emotional responses by deconditioning procedures such as exposure, desensitization and aversion therapy

-behavioural changes produced by operant procedures

-self-concept changes brought about by psychotherapy (ex: client-centered, Gestalt therapy)

-insight into unconscious dynamics and development of more mature defences broughta bout by short and long term psychodynamic therapies

Term

THERAPEUTIC BEHAVIOUR CHANGE

environmental

Definition

-life situation changes brought about by constructive behaviour changes learned in therapy or produced by biological means

-exposure to specific therapeutic terchniques administered by a metal-health expert

-a positive therapeutic relatioship that helps promote change and allows therapy techniques to be effective

-cultural factors that affect access to therapy, type of therapy and exposure to a culturally competent therapist

Term
what is deinstitutionalization?
Definition
he attempt to move the primary locus of treatment from mental hospitals to the community
Term
what is situation-focused intervention?
Definition
prevention efforts that focus on altering environmental conditions that are known to promote the development of psychological disorders
Term
what is competency-focused intervention?
Definition
prevention programs that are designed to enhance the personal resources needed to cope with situations that might otherwise cause psychological disorders
Term
what are stressors??
Definition
situations that place demands on organisms that tax or exceed their resources
Term
what is stress?
Definition
a pattern of cognitive appraisals, physiological responses and behavioural tendencies that occurs in response to a perceived imbalance between situational demands and the resources available to cope with them
Term
what are life event scales?
Definition
questionnaires that measure the number and sometimes the intensity of positive and negative life events that have occurred over a specific period of time
Term
what is primary appraisal?
Definition
-appraisal of the DEMANDS of the situation
Term
what is secondary appraisal?
Definition
-appraisal of the RESOURCES available to cope with it
Term
what are the four aspects of the appraisal process?
Definition

1. primary appraisal

2. secondary appraisal

3. judgments of what the consequences of the situation could be

4. appraisal of the personal meanings, that is, what the outcome might imply about us

Term
what is general adaptation syndrome?
Definition

-GAS

-Selye's description of the body's responses to a stressor, which includes successive phases of alarm reaction, resistance and exhaustion

Term
what are the 3 phases of GAS?
Definition

1.alarm reaction - the shift to sympathetic dominance causes increased arousal

 

2. resistance - the adrenal glands release epinephrine, nonepinephrine and cortisol to maintain increased arousal

 

3. exhaustion - the adrenal glands lose their ability to function normally

Term
what is rape trauma syndrome?
Definition
a pattern of cognitive, emotional and behavioural responses that occurs in response to the trauma of being raped
Term
what is neuroticism?
Definition
a personality trait that involves the tendency to experience high levels of negative affect and to behave in self-defeating ways
Term
what is post-traumatic stress disorder?
Definition

-PTSD

-a pattern of distressing symptoms, such as flashbacks, 

nightmares, avoidance and anxiety responses that recur

after a traumatic experience

Term
what are the four major groups of symptoms occur with PTSD?
Definition

1. severe anxiety, physiological arousal (the stress response) and distress

2.painful uncontrollable reliving of the event/s in flashbacks, dreams and fantasies

3. emotional numbing and avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma

4. intense 'survivor guilt' in instances where others were killed but the individual  survived

 

Term
what are vulnerability factors?
Definition
vulnerability -> a predisposition that can have a biological basis, such as out genotype, a brain malfunction or a hormonal factor
Term
what does hardiness mean?
Definition
a stress-resistant personality pattern that involves the factors of commitment, control and challenge
Term
what are the three "C's" of hardiness?
Definition

commitment

control

challenge

Term
what is coping self-efficacy?
Definition
beliefs relating to our ability to deal effectively with a stressful stimulus or situation, including pain
Term
for personality factors what is type A?
Definition

-live under great pressure and are demanding of themselves and others

-bhaviours include rapid talking, moving, walking and eating

-exaggerated sense of time urgency an become very irritaated at delays or failures to meet their deadlines 

-characterized by high levels of competitiveness and ambition as well as aggressiveness and hostilitiy when things get in their way

Term
for personality factors, what is type b?
Definition
-more relaxed, agreeable and have far less sense of time urgency
Term

LEVEL OF ANALYSIS

biological

Definition

-physiological responses of autonomic and endocrine systems to situational stressors

-stress effects on immune system

-individual differences in emotional reactivity to stressors

Term

LEVEL OF ANALYSIS

psychological

Definition

-cognitive appraisal of environmental demands, resources, potential consequences and personal meaning of consequences

-personality factors, such as optimism and hardiness, that affect responses to stressors

-coping stragegies and skill with which they are applied

-self-efficacy and expectations of available support

Term

LEVEL OF ANALYSIS

environmental

 

Definition

-number and nature of the stressful events

-availability of social support

-cultural factors that teach one how to respond to stressors

Term
what is physiological toughness?
Definition
relations beween two classes of hormones secreted by the adrenal glands in the face of stress
Term
what is problem-focused coping?
Definition

-coping strategy

-planning

-active coping and problem-solving

-suppressing competing activities

-exercising restraint

-assertive confrontation

Term
what is emotion-focused coping?
Definition

-coping strategy

-positive reinterpretation

-acceptance

-denial

-repression

-escape-avoidance

-wishful thinking

-controlling feelings

Term
what is seeking social support?
Definition

-coping strategy

-help and guidance

-emotional support

-affirmation of worth

-tangible aid (ex: money)

Term
what is health psychology?
Definition
the study of psychological and behavioural factors in the prevention and treatment of illness and in the maintenance of health
Term
what is a health-enhancing behaviour?
Definition
behaviours, such as exercise and god dietary habits, that support and increase health and longevity
Term
what are health-compromising behaviours?
Definition
behaviours, such as poor dietary habits and unprotected sexual activity, that impair health and reduce longevity
Term
what is the transtheoretical model?
Definition

identifies six major stages in the process of how people change:

precontemplation

contemplation

preperation

action

maintenance

termination

Term

6 STAGES OF CHANGE

 

Definition

1.precontemplation > problem unrecognized or unacknowledged

2.contemplation > recognition of problem; contemplating change

3.preparation > preparing to try to change behaviour

4.action > implementing change strategies

5.maintenance > behaviour change is being maintained

6.termination > permenant change; no maintenance efforts required

Term
what is aerobic exercise?
Definition
sustained activity that elevates the heart rate and body's need for oxygen
Term
what is motivational interviewing?
Definition
a treatment approach that avoids confrontation and leads clients to their own realization of a problem and to increased motivation
Term
what are multimodal treatment approaches?
Definition
substance abuse interventions that combine a number of treatments, such as aversion therapy and coping skills training
Term
what is a relapse?
Definition
a complete return to a previous undesirable behaviour and an abandonment of attempts to change
Term
what is a lapse?
Definition
a one-time return to an undesirable behaviour pattern, usually in a high-risk situation
Term
what is harm reduction?
Definition
a prevention strategy that is designed not to eliminate a problem behaviour, but to reduce its harmful consequences
Term
what is gate control theory?
Definition
theory that proposes that the experience of pain results from the opening and closing of "gating mechanisms" in the nervous system
Term
what are endorphins?
Definition
natural opiate-like substances that are involved in pain reduction
Term
what is stressed-induced analgesia?
Definition
a reduction in sensitivity that occurs when endorphins are released under stressful conditions
Term
what are placebos?
Definition
an inactive or inert substance that has no medicinal value but is believed by a patient to be helpful
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