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| How is psychology different from philosophy? |
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Definition
| Psychology uses the scientific method to answer questions. |
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| The first psychology laboratory was opened in ________ in order to study _________. |
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| The psychological perspective of structuralism focused on _____ |
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| understanding each individual structure of human thought. |
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| The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called ______, which involved reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person's experiences. |
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| William James believed that mental processes could not be studied as isolated, static events but needed to be viewed in terms of how they helped people perform in their daily lives. James was a strong proponent for _________. |
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| Gestalt psychologists are associated with which of the following sayings? |
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| The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. |
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| Freud said phobias were _____ whereas Watson said phobias were _____. |
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| repressed conflicts; learned |
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| A researcher who studies the chemical changes in the brains of patients with depression would be approaching psychology from which perspective? |
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| One of the reasons psychodynamic theories have persisted over the years is that they are |
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Definition
| difficult to scientifically test and, thus, difficult to prove. |
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| A humanistic psychologist would be interested in which of the following research studies? |
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Definition
| Describing a group of people who claim to have reached their full potential. |
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| Taylor received her degree from a medical school and now meets with patients on a daily basis. most of her patients have a serious psychological disorder and often Taylor will prescribe medication to treat the disorder. Taylor is a |
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| Vido has an M.S.W. and is interested in working on the causes of poverty. What type of professional is Vido most likely to become? |
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| psychiatric social worker |
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| Why psychologists use the scientific method? |
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Definition
| It reduces bias and error in measurement. |
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| Deb spent the entire day at the park observing children with their parents to see whether fathers or mothers spent more time playing with their kids. Deb used the method of |
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| Which of the following topics would be best studied using the case method? |
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| The personality characteristics of a man accused of killing five people. |
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| A group of randomly selected subjects that matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex is called |
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| Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables? |
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| A researcher finds that as the number of classes missed increased, the students' grades decrease. This is an example of a |
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| Marcy is trying to define anxiety in a way that can be empirically tested. She is attempting to find an appropriate |
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| A researcher is investigating the effects of exercise on weight. What are the independent and dependent variables in this experiment? |
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Definition
| The dependent variable is the weight; the independent variable is exercise. |
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| In a laboratory, smokers are asked to "drive" using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shirt and gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver's seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, the group that smokes the cigarette without nicotine is |
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| A psychology professor feels that her students will do better on her exams if music is playing while they take their exams. To test her hypothesis she divides her class in half. One half takes the exam in a room with music playing and the other half takes the exam in a similar room but without the music playing. in this case, the independent variable is |
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Definition
| the absence or presence of music playing |
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| For the experiment described in Question 22, the dependent variable is |
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| Twenty volunteers are brought into a sleep laboratory in the evening. Ten are allowed eight hours of sleep while the other ten are only allowed two hours of sleep. In the morning, all 20 subjects are tested for their reaction time in a driving simulation programs. For this experiment, the reaction time in the simulation program is the |
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| For the experiment described in Question 24, the amount of sleep allowed is the |
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| Which of the following situations best illustrates the placebo effect? |
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Definition
| You drink a nonalcoholic drink and become "intoxicated" because you think it contains alcohol. |
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| ___________ is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the experiment know whether participants are in the experimental or the control group until after the results are tallied. |
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| Which of the following terms refer to a group of specialized cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body? |
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| The central nervous system is made of which two components? |
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Definition
| the brain and the spinal cord. |
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| Located within the nervous system, the function of the ___________ is to send and receive messages. |
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| What type of signal is used to relay a message from one end of a neuron to the other end? |
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| When a ________, a chemical found in a synaptic vesicles, is released, it affects the next cell. |
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Definition
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| Which specific even causes the release of chemicals into the synaptic gap? |
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Definition
| an action potential reaching the axon terminal. |
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| Sara has been experiencing a serious memory problem. An interdisciplinary team has ruled out a range of causes and believes that a neurotransmitter is involved. Based on the information presented in Chapter 2, which neurotransmitter is most likely involved in this problem? |
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Definition
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| Neuron a releases a neurotransmitter into the synaptic gap. As a result, the frequency of action potentials in Neuron B (the receptor cell) is reduced. Which of the following neurotransmitters is most likely to have been released by Neuron A? |
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Definition
| A inhibitory neurotransmitter. |
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| Which part of the nervous system takes the information received from the senses, makes sense out of it, makes decisions, and sends commands out to the muscles and the rest of the body? |
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| Every deliberate action you make, such as pedaling a bike, walking, scratching, or smelling a flower, involves neurons in the ________ nervous system. |
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Definition
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| The heart and the intestines are composed of ________ muscles and are controlled by ______. |
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Definition
| involuntary; the autonomic nervous system. |
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| Which of the following responses would occur if your sympathetic nervous system has been activated? |
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| Small metal disks are pasted onto Miranda's scalp and they are connected by wire to a machine that translates the electical energy from her brain into wavy lines on a moving piece of paper. From this description, it is evident that Miranda's brain is being studied through the use of |
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Definition
| and electroencephalograph (EEG) |
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Term
| Which method would a researcher select if she wanted to determine whether her patient's right hemisphere was the same size as his left hemisphere? |
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| Which of the following is responsible for the ability to selectively attend to certain kinds of information in one's surroundings and become alert to changes in information? |
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| When a professional baseball payer swings a bat and hits a home run, he is relying on his ______ to coordinate the practiced movements of his body. |
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| Eating, drinking, sexual behavior, sleeping, and temperature control are most strongly influenced by the |
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| After a brain operation, a laboratory rat no longer displays any fear when placed into a cage with a snake. Which part of the rat's brain was most likely damaged during the operation? |
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| Darla was in an automobile accident that resulted in an injury to her brain. Her sense of touch has been affected. Which part of the brain is the most likely site of the damage? |
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Definition
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| If an individual damages his occipital lobes, which would be the most likely problem he would report to his doctor? |
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Definition
| problems with his vision. |
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| Damage to what area of the brain would result in a inability to comprehend language? |
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| If Darren's brain is like that of most people, then language will be handled by his his |
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Definition
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| The two hemispheres of the brain are identical copies of each other. (T or F) |
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Definition
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| Which of the following hormones is released by the pineal gland and prepares you for sleep? |
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Definition
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| Which endocrine gland regulates your body's response to stress? |
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Definition
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| The most important role of sensory receptors is to |
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Definition
| Convert an external stimulus into an electrical-chemical message the nervous system can use. |
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| The point at which a person can detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is presented is called the |
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Definition
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| An automobile manufacturer has decided to add a little bit of horsepower to its cars. They have a device that alters horsepower one unit at a time. Suppose drivers first notice the increase of a 200 horsepower car when it reaches 220 horsepower. How much horsepower must be added to a 150 horsepower car for drivers to notice the difference? |
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| If you stared at a picture for a long period of time, you might think the image of the picture would fade due to sensory adaptation. This would be the case except for the tiny vibrations of your eye called |
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Definition
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| Light is said to have dual nature, meaning it can be thought of in two different ways. These two ways are: |
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Definition
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| When light waves enter the eye, they first pass through the |
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Definition
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| Which of the following is true about cones? |
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Definition
| They are mainly in the center of the eye. |
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Term
| The existence of afterimages in complementary colors best supports the _______ theory of color vision. |
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| Which of the following properties of sound would be the most similar to the color or hue of light? |
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| Vibrating molecules in the air are called: |
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Definition
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| The membrane stretched over the opening to the middle ear is the |
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Definition
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| Which is the correct order of the three bones of the middle ear, from the outside in |
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Definition
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| Which theory proposes that above 100 Hz but below 1000Hz, auditory neurons do not fire all at once but in rotation? |
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Definition
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| The _________ theory explains how we hear sounds above 1,000Hz. |
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Definition
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| In the auditory system, transduction occurs in the |
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Definition
| Hair cells of the cochlea |
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Term
| Which of the following items describes a function of the bones of the middle ear? |
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Definition
| They amplify the vibrations of the ear drum. |
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| If a severe ear infection damages the bones of middle ear, you may develop ______hearing impairment. |
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Definition
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| Cochlear implants bypass the: |
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Definition
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| The "bumps" on the tongue that are visible to the eye are the |
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Definition
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| An olfactory stimulus travels from receptor to |
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| According to your textbook, what is the best current explanation for how the sensation of pain works? |
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Definition
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| Which is the best description of the vestibular senses? |
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Definition
| Having to do with movement and body position |
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Term
| We know when we are moving up and down in an elevator because of the movement of tiny crystals in the |
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Definition
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| Proprioceptors aid in the process of |
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Definition
| Perception of the spatial location of body parts in relation to one another |
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| The tendency to interpret an object as always being the same size, regardless of its distance from the viewer, is known as |
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Definition
| To complete figures that are incomplete |
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Term
| Which Gestalt principle is at work in the old phrase, "birds of a feather flock together"? |
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| Visual distance and depth cues that require the use of both eyes are called |
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Definition
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| The Muller-Lyer illusion exists in cultures with |
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Definition
| Buildings with lots of corners |
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| People's tendency to perceive things a certain way because their previous experiences or expectations influence them is called |
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Definition
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| When you look at a flowing river, the width of the river seems to converge into a point in the distance. This phenomenon is called |
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Definition
| All of the above (a monocular cue, a pictorial depth cue, linear perspective) |
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Term
| What term do psychologist use to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts? |
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Definition
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Term
| A biological cycle or rhythm that is approximately 24 hours long is a(n)______cycle |
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| The hormone melatonin reaches peak levels in the body during the |
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Definition
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| Sid is taking part in research on the effects of sleep deprivation; he has been without sleep for 75 hours. Right now researchers have asked him to sit in front of a computer screen and hit a button each time he sees the letter "S" on the screen. A few days ago, Sid was a whiz at this task; however, he is doing very poorly today. How are sleep researchers likely explain Sid's poor performance? |
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Definition
| Due to sleep deprivation, Sid does not understand the task. |
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| According to this theory, sleep is a product of evolution |
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Definition
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| If the EEG record reveals evidence of very small and very fast waves, you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is |
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Definition
| Really not sleeping and is awake |
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Term
| Each of the following is true of sleepwalking EXCEPT |
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Definition
| Waking a sleepwalker is dangerous |
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| For several months, Ted has been taking increasingly larger doses of barbiturate sleeping pills to treat insomnia. He just decided to quit taking any barbiturate sleeping pills. What is likely to happen to Ted when he stops taking the barbiturate sleeping pills? |
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Definition
| He will experience the REM rebound |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevents the acting out of dreams |
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| REM behavior disorder results from |
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Definition
| Failure of the pons to block brain signals to the muscles |
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Term
| What is the rationale for the use of "sleepwalking" as a defense for committing a crime? |
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Definition
| The suspect actually suffers from REM behavior disorder and was unknowingly acting out a dream |
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| Mary is having insomnia. Which advice would you give to help her deal with it? |
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Definition
| Don't do anything but sleep in your bed. |
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| Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by |
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Definition
| Difficulty breathing while asleep |
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Term
| What two categories of dream content did Sigmund Freud describe? |
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Definition
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| The activation-information-mode model (AIM) suggests |
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Definition
| Events that occur during waking hours may influence dreams |
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| According to the textbook, girls and women tend to dream about |
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Definition
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| ___________ is a state of consciousness in which a person may be especially susceptible to suggestion |
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Definition
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| Tests of "hypnotic susceptibility" have been found to |
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Definition
| Make use of a series of suggestions |
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Definition
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| The idea of "hidden observer" was suggested by |
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Definition
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Definition
| Are capable of influencing thinking, perception, and memory. |
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| Psychological dependence is best described as |
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Definition
| Drug tolerance and signs of withdrawal when deprived of the drug |
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| Drugs that speed up the functioning of the nervous system are called |
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Definition
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| The most addictive and dangerous(as defined by the number of deaths caused by the drug) stimulant in use today is |
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Definition
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| Cathy has just taken a drug that has caused her heart rate and breathing to slow down considerably. Most likely, Cathy has taken |
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Definition
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| Your doctor has decided to give you a prescription for a drug to reduce your anxiety levels. Most likely your doctor will prescribe a |
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Definition
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| Jane has a loss of equilibrium, decreased sensory and motor capabilities, and double vision. According to the table in the text, how many drinks has Jane had? |
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Definition
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| Morphine, heroin and methadone |
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Definition
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| LSD is similar to which of the following drugs? |
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Definition
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| Bill is taken to the emergency room of the hospital after he reports hearing dogs screaming and seeing fire shooting across his shirt and pants. Assuming his condition is due to a drug overdose, which type of drug did Bill most likely consume? |
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| One of the greatest risks of using marijuana is |
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