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| Branchlike fibres that emerge from the cell body. Receive messages from neighbouring neurons and send them to the cell body (Soma). |
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| The long arm of a neuron that sends messages (electrical impulses) away from the cell body to other neurons. At the end are several hundred _____ terminals. Each terminal can connect with multiple dendrites at a time. |
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| A barrier that prevents many substances, including a wide range of toxins, from entering the brain |
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-Surround neurons and hold them in place.
-Manufacture nutrient chemicals which neurons need.
-Form the myelin sheath around some axons.
-Absorb toxins and waste materials, protecting the brain from toxins
-Modulate the communication among neurons |
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| In the electrical activity of neurons, the internal difference of the sodium ions outside of a cell and the negatively charged protein ions inside the cell |
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| A sudden reversal in the neauron's membrane voltage, during which the membrane voltage momentarily moves from -70 millivolts to +40 millivolts. |
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| The shift, within a cell boy, from negative to positive voltage. |
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| Refers to the greater localization of a function in one brain hemisphere or another, right or left. |
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| The partial or total loss of the ability to communicate |
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| The ability of neurons to change in structure and function. 2 aspects: effects of early experience & recovery from brain damage |
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| Circulate through brain and either increase or decrease the sensitivity of multiple neurons to their specific transmitters. |
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| Carry input messages from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain |
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| Transmit output impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the body |
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| Perform connective functions within the nervous system |
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| Mimics a neurotransmitter |
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| Blocks (or antagonizes) a neurotransmitter |
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| The specific genetic makeup of an individual |
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| The observable characteristics produced by the genetic endowment |
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| When a number of gene pairs combine their influences to create a single phenotypic trait (observable genetic trait) |
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| For a genetically influenced trait, the range of possibilities - the upper and lower limits - that the genetic code allows, is called the... |
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| Domain-specific Adaptations |
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| Designed to solve a particular problem: i.e. find a mate, avoid hazards, find food |
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| Theory of Reciprocal Altruism |
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| Long term, seemingly self-sacrificing relationships, in which one will help another at a cost - but then expect the same in return in the future |
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| Of altruism, argues that altruism developed to increase the survival of one's relatives (of one's genes), and that it mostly occurs within the family. |
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| The characteristics of a stimulus are converted into nerve impulses |
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A stimulus that is sensed, but not perceived.
-Example: a quick flash of light it received by the senses, but is not perceived, or noticed, consciously. |
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| Nearsightedness: Good nearby vision bad distance vision. Eyeball is longer (front to back) than normal |
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| Farsightedness: Good distance vision, bad near vision. |
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| The colour vision theory originally advanced by Young and Helmholtz, claims that there are three types of colour receptors in the retina and that combinations of activation of these receptors can produce perception of any hue in the visible spectrum. |
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| Proposes that each of the three cone types responds to two different wavelengths. red or green. yellow or blue. black or white. |
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| Combines the 2 theories of colour and perception to account for the colour transduction process. |
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