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| The awareness of your own processing of the problem is |
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Definition
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| Cognition has two basic components they are: _____ & _____ |
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Definition
| Concepts and propositions |
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| What is the active effort to resolve a problem and occurs when a barrier blocks the path to a goal? |
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| What are the smallest units of meaning in language? |
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Definition
| that ppl tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus on only a few facets of available options and often result in irrational decisions that are less then optimal. |
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Definition
| we acquire concepts by forming associations between stimuli and resonses. |
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| a sudden recognition of the correct solution, usually after a period during which we are not consciously thinking about the problem. |
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Term
| information processing theory |
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Definition
| human brain is like a computer and that a person more generally is a system fro processing information. |
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Term
| (information processing) 4 stages |
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Definition
preparation - gather information
production - move in the chess game
judgment - evaluate poss solutions
incubation - wait and think about the solution |
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Term
| parallel distributed processing (PDP) |
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Definition
| multiple cognitive activities can take place simultaneously. |
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Definition
| short-cut rule-of-thumb that can be a powerful aid to efficient cognition. |
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Term
| Difference-reduction strategy |
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Definition
| establish a set of subgoals that will get you to the goal. reduce the diffence between where you are now and where you want to be by accomplishing the subgoals. |
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Definition
| more advanced kind of difference reduction. In means/ends analysis, you determine your present state and your goal state, assess the diff between them, and then decide on the best means for achieving the goal. |
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Term
| Factors Faffecting the problem-solving process |
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Definition
Representation - way in which a problem is represented
Prior skills and knowledge - ...
memory - Source of relevant vs. extraneous info
Planning - use of a systematic series of steps to solve a problem |
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Definition
| When faced w/ a problem, you must determine which info is really needed to solve the problem and which is extraneous. |
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Definition
| Tendency to perceive an object only in terms of it's most common use |
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| Failure to ignore info not relevant to the problem |
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| Tendency to adopt a problem-solving set inappropriate to the problem at hand |
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| Tenancy to interpret new info in a biased way that confirms the initial hypothesis |
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| Gestalt theory of problem solving |
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Definition
| Solving things through insight |
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Term
| Stages of problem solving |
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Definition
Preparation
production
judgment
Incubation |
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Term
| main advantage of heuristics over algorithms |
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Definition
| Greater cognitive efficiency |
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Term
| How do experts solve better? |
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Definition
Chunking
process more deeply
highly organized bodies of info
more global view of the problem
relate current to past problems
categorize on the basis of possible solutions |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which we generate, eamine, and evaluate info. |
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| unrealistic, illogical process based on fantasy and wishful fulfillment. |
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use logical relationships to determine the validity or truth of our conclusion
use of logic |
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Definition
we move from the specific to the gener -- just the opposite of deductive reasoning.
probability estimation |
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Term
| surface structure vs deep structure of a sentence |
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Definition
| surface - relatively obvious and superficial form that the scentence takes while deep structure is essentially its meaning. |
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Definition
| limited span of time early in life during which language acquisition is possible or optimal |
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Definition
| when damaged have Broca's aphasia or nonfluent aphasia where patients have difficulty in productin meaningful speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| temporal lobe of left hem. maintains speech fluency but has great difficulty in comprehending the speech of others. |
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