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| When you identify something you have seen before, like on a multiple choice exam, it is called ___________. |
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Definition
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| When you are asked to remember something like a list of words, you are asked to ______. |
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| (recall) if no cues are given, this is called _________. |
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Definition
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| (recall) If cues are given, this is called _______. |
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| The three-system memory model identifies three components of the overall memory system: ________, ______ and _______. |
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Definition
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| (three-system memory) These systems are separate and/or continuously interacting. |
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| _______ memory, which occurs when a visual stimulus produces a brief visual memory trace and ____ memory, which is a brief registration of sounds or echoes, are both types of ________ memory. |
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| ________, the focusing of consciousness on a limited range of stimuli or events, plays an active role in determining what is remembered and what is not |
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Definition
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| Explain short-term memory (STM) |
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Definition
| memory limited info for brief time |
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| (STM) How long is information held? |
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Definition
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| (STM) How is information encoded? |
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Definition
| acoustically and visually |
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| How does chunking affect STM? |
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| ______ is repetitive practice or thinking about the information to be remembered and can help keep the information in memory longer. |
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| (rehersal) One type is _____, which involves simple repetition. |
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| (rehersal) Another type is _____, where new information is analysed and related to patterns of information already stored in long-term memory. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to George Miller (1956), the average person can retain approximately __ items, plus or minus __ items, in short term memory |
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Definition
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Term
| What happened in the Brown-Peterson paradigm? |
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Definition
| Objectively measured the length of time someone could hold info in their short term memory. Gave them a list of items then had them count back from a number and see if they remember it at the end. |
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Term
| According to the levels-of-processing theory, how many different memory storehouses are there? |
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Definition
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| What are the three differet types of encoding discussed with the levels of processing theory, in order from lowest to deepest levels of processing? |
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Definition
Structural - What looks like
Phonemic - Sound
Semantic - Understanding |
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Term
| According to Bradley and Hitch (1974), how is working memory different than short-term memory? |
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Definition
| Working memory is considered Exective so it's engadging "the eye" |
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Term
| What did Sternberg (1966) do to study retrieval? |
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Definition
| Presents a person with a set of items and later asked them what they remembered. |
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Term
| (Sternberg) He found that reaction time did/did not systematically increase as the numbers of digits increased. He found that the search is exhaustive/self-terminating. Sternberg also found that the search process was serial/parallel. |
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Definition
| did not, exhaustive, serial |
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Term
| When memorizing a list of words, does the position of the word on the list matter from remembering it later? Yes or No |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the primacy effect and recency effect. |
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Definition
Primacy - remember things at beginning
Recency - remember things at the end |
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Term
| According to Kossyln (1975), the amout of detail you recall from visual encoding depends on the _____ of the image that your brain generates. Why? |
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Definition
| size, larger the images is in your mind the more detail you see because things are larger. |
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Term
| According to the _____, memory is best when specific cues present during encoding are available at recall or recognition. |
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Definition
| encoding specific principle |
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Term
| The effects of prior experience on long-term memory are best described as a bottom-up/top-down |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a mental representation of a category of objects, people, or events. |
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Term
| What are the different types of schemas? |
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Definition
| Person schemas are mental representations of a specific peopple with whome you have had experience. |
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Term
| memory for specific facts and personal experiences is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ memory is for motor, cognitive, and perceptual skills |
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Definition
| Proceduaral or nondeclarative |
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Term
| _____ deals with a variety of meaningful information such as general concepts and rules |
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Definition
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Term
| how does context affect retrieval from long-term memory? |
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Definition
| If there is a good cue there to help with the memory then it is more likely that the memory will come out |
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Term
| _____ refers to the improvement of recall when physiological or emotional conditions are the same as they were at the time of learning. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| you memorize a series of locations, such as rooms in your house then use them to remember new information |
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Definition
| you form associations among otherwise unrelated words or objects, witht he result that recalling one word i the list allows you to recall the next word because the two have been linked in some fashion |
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Term
| A _____ is a person with a truly exceptional memory. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Ebbinghaus curve refers to the rate of _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are two theories about Forgetting. ____ and _____ |
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Definition
| Availability and Accessbility |
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Term
| _____: forgetting is the result of info lost from long-term memory |
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Definition
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| _____: forgetting is the result of difficulty retrieving information from LTM |
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Definition
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Term
Trace-decay theory:
Interference Theory:
Retrieval failure theory:
Disuse theory:
Motivational theory: |
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Definition
Availability
Availability
Accessibility
Availability
Accessibility |
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Term
| What is the false memory syndrome? According to Loftus (1993), what is the problem with the publicity around false recovered memories? |
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Definition
| It's a memory that never happened. A sort of illusion. Whewn instances of illusory memory receive publicity and retractions are meade, many ppl become very skeptical of future cases in which the memories may be real. |
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Term
| The _____ facilitates memory storage and retrieval, is particularly important for long-term memory and in the memory of sequences of events. It also plays a role in short term memory |
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Definition
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Definition
| a memory consists of a set of associations formed through such processesas classical and operant conditioning. |
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Term
| Explain parallel distribution processing (PDP) models of memory |
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Definition
| When multiple networks are triggered, they tend to be activated simultaneously, rather than sequentially. |
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Term
| What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia? |
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Definition
anterograde amnesia - patient experiences loss of memory for events following a trauma
retrograde amnesia - lost for the period proceeding the trauma. |
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Term
| ______ syndrome refers to irreversible brain damage that is the result of excessive drinking to the pt of alcholism |
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Definition
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Definition
| those defined by a specific set of rules and are relatively concrete |
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Definition
| more abstract. They have shared properties that are less fixed. Fish have fins, live in the water and swim... |
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Term
| The awareness of your own processing of the problem is _____. |
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Definition
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| Cognition has two basic components they are: _____ & _____ |
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Definition
| Concepts and propostions. |
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| What is the active effort to resolve a problem and occurs when a barrier blocks the path to a goal? |
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