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Psyc of Learning Exam 4
EXAM 4
84
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
12/12/2010

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Term
economic system
Definition
deals with production and consumption of goods, in a group (society)
Term
responses (spending to get commodity), food
Definition
Concerning rats (or pigeons) in an operant chamber, what is their "income?" What is their "commodity?"
Term
behavioral economics
Definition
combination of microeconomics concepts, principles, and measures, as well as behavioral analytic methods and principles
Term
responses, emits
Definition
Spending is described as the number of ______ (money) an organism _____ (spends); synonymous with response output
Term
reinforcers, obtains
Definition
Consumption is the number of _______ (commodities) the organism ______; how much "stuff" you get for your purchases
Term
cost benefit ratio
Definition
Put spending and consumption together and you get this.
Term
unit price
Definition
a cost-benefit ratio that determines number of responses per reinforcer
Term
schedule of reinforcement
Definition
This determines price (what one reinforcer costs) in the operant laboratory
Term
law of demand
Definition
as the price of the commodity increases, consumption of the commodity will decrease
Term
inelastic demands
Definition
when price increases produce little change in consumption (necessities such as gas, milk, water, electricity)
Term
elastic demands
Definition
when price increases produce very big changes in consumption (luxuries such as iTunes songs, socks, gel, chapstick)
Term
unit price, cost benefit analysis
Definition
Madden et al. (2000) showed that ______, and not ________, were predictive of consumption. Ex: completion of 5 problems results in 1 mango, completion of 10 problems results in 2 mangos ----> also maintain responding
Term
preschoolers working on academic task
Definition
Delmendo et. al (2009) represents a systematic replication of Madden et al. (2000) --- with _____________.
Term
greater responding
Definition
Madden et. al (2005) showed that at higher price requirements, VR-like schedules engendered _________ when compared to FR schedules.
Term
break point
Definition
the last completed schedule value before the organism stops responding for some pre-specified period of time, usually 3 to 5 minutes (relevant to progressive ratio schedules)
Term
concurrent schedule
Definition
in this type, you will work harder for something you really want over something you kind of like (CHOICE)
Term
single schedule
Definition
in this type, you will work for something you kind of like over nothing (NO CHOICE)
Term
elastic
Definition
Demand is relatively more _____ when the available alternatives are more substitutable.
Term
substitutability
Definition
sometimes characterized as "functional similarity" ex: pen and pencil, pepsi and coke
Term
consumption of first goes down, consumption of second goes up
Definition
If the price of one commodity goes up and the price of a substitutable commodity stays the same, what happens?
Term
immediate, value, similar
Definition
Choices are differentially controlled by ________ outcomes. These have more _____, despite ______ magnitude. (Ex: $1000 now or $50000 in 5 years)
Term
subjective value
Definition
determined by repeatedly assessing one's choice for an immediate event ($1000) and a larger event ($5000) following some delay
Term
choices, behavior
Definition
Behavioral economics is a way of framing the ______ we make and the _______ we emit.
Term
consumer behavior
Definition
_________, like that of the pigeon working for food or the monkey working for drug is controlled in large part by costs and benefits.
Term
choice
Definition
the distribution of responses among alternative sources of reinforcement (e.g., which shirt you select)
Term
preference
Definition
selection of one alternative more frequently than another alternative
Term
concurrent schedules
Definition
when two or more schedules operate independently, one schedule is in place for one R and a different is in place for another R, no distinctive stimuli associated with each schedule
Term
more, better
Definition
With all other factors being equal, organisms will distribute responding (this is your currency) to the option with ______ (or ______) reinforcers available
Term
reinforcer rate
Definition
the more frequent the reinforcers, the better
Term
reinforcer delay
Definition
the sooner the reinforcer, the better
Term
reinforcer amount
Definition
magnitude, the bigger the reinforcer the better
Term
reinforcer quality
Definition
the higher the quality of the reinforcer, the better
Term
concurrent ratio schedules
Definition
this type of concurrent schedule often produces exclusive choice, thus other types may be better suited to study choice
Term
VI
Definition
In order to study choice and preference, ___ schedules are the preferred type
Term
As an organism spends time responding on 1 alternative, the other timer is elapsing resulting in superstitious switching
Definition
Why does the responding on concurrent VIs maintain a switching behavior?
Term
change over delay
Definition
responses on the other key do not have an effect immediately following a change from one schedule to another, usually a few seconds; breaks the pattern of switching between alternatives in VI schedules
Term
matching, responding, reinforcement
Definition
_______: said to occur if relative rates of _______ will be equal to (match) relative rates of ________.
Term
impulsivity
Definition
selection of a smaller sooner (SS) stimulus at the expense of a larger later (LL) stimulus....marshmallow experiment
Term
self-control
Definition
selection of LL stimulus a the expense of a SS stimulus.....marshmallow experiment
Term
indirect assessment
Definition
attempts to gather information about challenging behavior without the use of direct observation (rating scales, questionnaires)
Term
descriptive assessment
Definition
involves the direct observation of challenging behavior, and its antecedents and consequences under naturally occurring conditions (only addresses correlations)
Term
experimental analysis
Definition
involves the manipulation of environmental events to test whether those events serve as reinforcers for challenging behavior
Term
attention condition
Definition
to test whether a child engages in challenging behavior to get attention from others
Term
tangible condition
Definition
to test whether a child engages in challenging behavior to gain access to preferred items
Term
demand condition
Definition
to test whether the child engages in challenging behavior to escape instructional situations
Term
no interaction condition
Definition
to test whether the child engages in challenging behavior under conditions of minimal environmental stimulation
Term
play or control condition
Definition
designed to serve as a control condition; the therapist and child play with highly preferred toys, no demands are delivered, and frequent interaction occurs; bad behavior not expected to occur in this condition
Term
respondent condition
Definition
synonymous with Pavlovian or classical conditioning
Term
control
Definition
Respondent conditioning is an instance of stimulus ______ applied to stimulus presentations, not consequential operations; thus, it is focused on the front end
Term
consequential manipulations
Definition
we discussed these in Skinner's work, they focused both on antecedent stimuli and the consequential stimuli
Term
respondent conditioning
Definition
process whereby a neutral stimulus acquires characteristics of an unconditional stimulus, involves simple pairing
Term
neutral stimulus
Definition
a stimulus that has no eliciting effect
Term
unconditioned stimulus
Definition
a stimulus that elicits a reflex without any prior history
Term
conditional stimulus, conditional response
Definition
When an NS acquires the ability to elicit a response, we call it a _________, at that point, we call the response a __________
Term
conditional reflex
Definition
the relationship between the CS and the CR
Term
delayed conditioning
Definition
most effective way to condition simple reflexes; the CS (tone) is presented a few s before the US (food) and overlaps with the US
Term
simultaneous conditioning
Definition
moderately effective in producing reliable CS; the CS (tone) and the US (food) are presented at the same time
Term
trace conditioning
Definition
moderately effective in producing reliable CR; the CS is presented for a brief period of time (it turns on then goes off), and some time later the US is presented
Term
backward conditioning
Definition
least effective in producing a reliable CR. The US (food) is presented and consumed before the CS (tone) comes on
Term
threshold
Definition
weak intensities of a US will not elicit a response; there is a minimum value that a US must have in order to elicit the response
Term
intensity-magnitude
Definition
as the intensity of the US increases, the magnitude of the response increases
Term
latency
Definition
as the intensity of US increases, the time between presentation of the US and the UR decreases
Term
habituation
Definition
when a US repeatedly elicits a UR and the response gradually declines in magnitude
Term
acquisition
Definition
initial learning of the conditional response; number of trials until CS elicits CR without US
Term
respondent extinction
Definition
repeated presentation of the CS without the US; CS eventually loses its effects (the CR)
Term
spontaneous recovery
Definition
an increase in the conditioned response after respondent extinction has occurred: once we have eliminated the CR through extinction (no longer presenting the US after the CS), the CS will again cause the CR
Term
respondent generalization
Definition
when an organism shows a CR to values of the CS that were not initially trained; to test for this, some property of the CS is varied (light, sound, shapes)
Term
generalization gradient
Definition
depicts the stimulus value (e.g., hertz) against the magnitude of the response
Term
conditioned suppression
Definition
when, intiially, responding is equal in the presence and absence of hte CS but the organism learns that CS signals bad things, R decreases in the presence of the CS
Term
second order conditioning
Definition
involves pairing a second CS with an established CS; example: fear of bees produces fear of flowers because bees and flowers are paired together
Term
stimulus combination
Definition
refers to respondent conditioning procedures with multiple CSs; the function of the 2nd CS depends both on its physical characteristics and on its relation to an organism's history
Term
overshadowing
Definition
when two CSs are presented together, forming a compound, and paired with a US but one CS (and NOT THE OTHER) comes to produce the CR; this is merely due to physical characteristics of the stimuli
Term
blocking
Definition
involves compound stimuli, but the compound stimulus is established after an association has been formed with one element of the compound, so one stimulus that has already been established as a CS blocks the ability to form an association to the second
Term
function, structure
Definition
Our emphasis in class has been on the ______ of behavior (its effect on the environment) moreso than the _______ (what it looks like).
Term
both
Definition
Are the verbal responses we emit occasioned by verbal or nonverbal stimuli?
Term
verbal behavior
Definition
any behavior involving words, without regard to modality; involves both speaker and listener
Term
verbal stimulus
Definition
the response product of someone's verbal behavior
Term
formal similarity
Definition
when a verbal stimulus and the response-product of the evoked response are in the same sense mode (e.g. both vocal or visual and look/feel/sound similar)
Term
point to point correspondence
Definition
subdivisions of the antecedent verbal stimulus control subdivisions of the evoked response
Term
echoic
Definition
a vocal verbal stimulus occasions a corresponding vocal verbal response; defined by a point-to-point correspondence of verbal units (generalized vocal imitation)
Term
transcription
Definition
when a written stimulus occasions a corresponding written response, the unit of analysis changing with expertise
Term
manding
Definition
verbal operant behavior that is under the control of a particular establishing operation, such as requests or commands
Term
trojan mands
Definition
indirect requests still under the control of an EO but less explicit than simple mands (did you notice all the neighbors have Christmas lights up?()
Term
tacting
Definition
verbal operant behavior whose form is regulated by NONVERBAL descriptive stimuli and maintained by generalized conditioned reinforcement from the verbal community; a loose way of talking about this is labeling
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