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Definition
| deals with production and consumption of goods, in a group (society) |
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| responses (spending to get commodity), food |
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| Concerning rats (or pigeons) in an operant chamber, what is their "income?" What is their "commodity?" |
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| combination of microeconomics concepts, principles, and measures, as well as behavioral analytic methods and principles |
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| Spending is described as the number of ______ (money) an organism _____ (spends); synonymous with response output |
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| Consumption is the number of _______ (commodities) the organism ______; how much "stuff" you get for your purchases |
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| Put spending and consumption together and you get this. |
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| a cost-benefit ratio that determines number of responses per reinforcer |
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| schedule of reinforcement |
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| This determines price (what one reinforcer costs) in the operant laboratory |
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| as the price of the commodity increases, consumption of the commodity will decrease |
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| when price increases produce little change in consumption (necessities such as gas, milk, water, electricity) |
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| when price increases produce very big changes in consumption (luxuries such as iTunes songs, socks, gel, chapstick) |
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| unit price, cost benefit analysis |
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Definition
| Madden et al. (2000) showed that ______, and not ________, were predictive of consumption. Ex: completion of 5 problems results in 1 mango, completion of 10 problems results in 2 mangos ----> also maintain responding |
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| preschoolers working on academic task |
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| Delmendo et. al (2009) represents a systematic replication of Madden et al. (2000) --- with _____________. |
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| Madden et. al (2005) showed that at higher price requirements, VR-like schedules engendered _________ when compared to FR schedules. |
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| the last completed schedule value before the organism stops responding for some pre-specified period of time, usually 3 to 5 minutes (relevant to progressive ratio schedules) |
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| in this type, you will work harder for something you really want over something you kind of like (CHOICE) |
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| in this type, you will work for something you kind of like over nothing (NO CHOICE) |
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| Demand is relatively more _____ when the available alternatives are more substitutable. |
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| sometimes characterized as "functional similarity" ex: pen and pencil, pepsi and coke |
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| consumption of first goes down, consumption of second goes up |
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Definition
| If the price of one commodity goes up and the price of a substitutable commodity stays the same, what happens? |
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| immediate, value, similar |
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Definition
| Choices are differentially controlled by ________ outcomes. These have more _____, despite ______ magnitude. (Ex: $1000 now or $50000 in 5 years) |
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| determined by repeatedly assessing one's choice for an immediate event ($1000) and a larger event ($5000) following some delay |
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| Behavioral economics is a way of framing the ______ we make and the _______ we emit. |
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| _________, like that of the pigeon working for food or the monkey working for drug is controlled in large part by costs and benefits. |
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| the distribution of responses among alternative sources of reinforcement (e.g., which shirt you select) |
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| selection of one alternative more frequently than another alternative |
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| when two or more schedules operate independently, one schedule is in place for one R and a different is in place for another R, no distinctive stimuli associated with each schedule |
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Term
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Definition
| With all other factors being equal, organisms will distribute responding (this is your currency) to the option with ______ (or ______) reinforcers available |
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Definition
| the more frequent the reinforcers, the better |
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Definition
| the sooner the reinforcer, the better |
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| magnitude, the bigger the reinforcer the better |
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Definition
| the higher the quality of the reinforcer, the better |
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Term
| concurrent ratio schedules |
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Definition
| this type of concurrent schedule often produces exclusive choice, thus other types may be better suited to study choice |
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Term
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Definition
| In order to study choice and preference, ___ schedules are the preferred type |
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| As an organism spends time responding on 1 alternative, the other timer is elapsing resulting in superstitious switching |
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Definition
| Why does the responding on concurrent VIs maintain a switching behavior? |
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Definition
| responses on the other key do not have an effect immediately following a change from one schedule to another, usually a few seconds; breaks the pattern of switching between alternatives in VI schedules |
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| matching, responding, reinforcement |
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Definition
| _______: said to occur if relative rates of _______ will be equal to (match) relative rates of ________. |
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Definition
| selection of a smaller sooner (SS) stimulus at the expense of a larger later (LL) stimulus....marshmallow experiment |
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| selection of LL stimulus a the expense of a SS stimulus.....marshmallow experiment |
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Definition
| attempts to gather information about challenging behavior without the use of direct observation (rating scales, questionnaires) |
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Definition
| involves the direct observation of challenging behavior, and its antecedents and consequences under naturally occurring conditions (only addresses correlations) |
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Definition
| involves the manipulation of environmental events to test whether those events serve as reinforcers for challenging behavior |
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Definition
| to test whether a child engages in challenging behavior to get attention from others |
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Definition
| to test whether a child engages in challenging behavior to gain access to preferred items |
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Definition
| to test whether the child engages in challenging behavior to escape instructional situations |
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Definition
| to test whether the child engages in challenging behavior under conditions of minimal environmental stimulation |
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Term
| play or control condition |
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Definition
| designed to serve as a control condition; the therapist and child play with highly preferred toys, no demands are delivered, and frequent interaction occurs; bad behavior not expected to occur in this condition |
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Definition
| synonymous with Pavlovian or classical conditioning |
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Definition
| Respondent conditioning is an instance of stimulus ______ applied to stimulus presentations, not consequential operations; thus, it is focused on the front end |
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Term
| consequential manipulations |
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Definition
| we discussed these in Skinner's work, they focused both on antecedent stimuli and the consequential stimuli |
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Definition
| process whereby a neutral stimulus acquires characteristics of an unconditional stimulus, involves simple pairing |
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Definition
| a stimulus that has no eliciting effect |
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Definition
| a stimulus that elicits a reflex without any prior history |
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Term
| conditional stimulus, conditional response |
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Definition
| When an NS acquires the ability to elicit a response, we call it a _________, at that point, we call the response a __________ |
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Term
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Definition
| the relationship between the CS and the CR |
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Definition
| most effective way to condition simple reflexes; the CS (tone) is presented a few s before the US (food) and overlaps with the US |
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| simultaneous conditioning |
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Definition
| moderately effective in producing reliable CS; the CS (tone) and the US (food) are presented at the same time |
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Definition
| moderately effective in producing reliable CR; the CS is presented for a brief period of time (it turns on then goes off), and some time later the US is presented |
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Definition
| least effective in producing a reliable CR. The US (food) is presented and consumed before the CS (tone) comes on |
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Definition
| weak intensities of a US will not elicit a response; there is a minimum value that a US must have in order to elicit the response |
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Term
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Definition
| as the intensity of the US increases, the magnitude of the response increases |
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Term
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Definition
| as the intensity of US increases, the time between presentation of the US and the UR decreases |
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Definition
| when a US repeatedly elicits a UR and the response gradually declines in magnitude |
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Definition
| initial learning of the conditional response; number of trials until CS elicits CR without US |
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Definition
| repeated presentation of the CS without the US; CS eventually loses its effects (the CR) |
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Definition
| an increase in the conditioned response after respondent extinction has occurred: once we have eliminated the CR through extinction (no longer presenting the US after the CS), the CS will again cause the CR |
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| respondent generalization |
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Definition
| when an organism shows a CR to values of the CS that were not initially trained; to test for this, some property of the CS is varied (light, sound, shapes) |
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Definition
| depicts the stimulus value (e.g., hertz) against the magnitude of the response |
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Definition
| when, intiially, responding is equal in the presence and absence of hte CS but the organism learns that CS signals bad things, R decreases in the presence of the CS |
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Term
| second order conditioning |
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Definition
| involves pairing a second CS with an established CS; example: fear of bees produces fear of flowers because bees and flowers are paired together |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to respondent conditioning procedures with multiple CSs; the function of the 2nd CS depends both on its physical characteristics and on its relation to an organism's history |
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Term
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Definition
| when two CSs are presented together, forming a compound, and paired with a US but one CS (and NOT THE OTHER) comes to produce the CR; this is merely due to physical characteristics of the stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| involves compound stimuli, but the compound stimulus is established after an association has been formed with one element of the compound, so one stimulus that has already been established as a CS blocks the ability to form an association to the second |
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Term
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Definition
| Our emphasis in class has been on the ______ of behavior (its effect on the environment) moreso than the _______ (what it looks like). |
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Definition
| Are the verbal responses we emit occasioned by verbal or nonverbal stimuli? |
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| any behavior involving words, without regard to modality; involves both speaker and listener |
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Definition
| the response product of someone's verbal behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| when a verbal stimulus and the response-product of the evoked response are in the same sense mode (e.g. both vocal or visual and look/feel/sound similar) |
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Term
| point to point correspondence |
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Definition
| subdivisions of the antecedent verbal stimulus control subdivisions of the evoked response |
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Term
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Definition
| a vocal verbal stimulus occasions a corresponding vocal verbal response; defined by a point-to-point correspondence of verbal units (generalized vocal imitation) |
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Definition
| when a written stimulus occasions a corresponding written response, the unit of analysis changing with expertise |
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Definition
| verbal operant behavior that is under the control of a particular establishing operation, such as requests or commands |
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Definition
| indirect requests still under the control of an EO but less explicit than simple mands (did you notice all the neighbors have Christmas lights up?() |
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Definition
| verbal operant behavior whose form is regulated by NONVERBAL descriptive stimuli and maintained by generalized conditioned reinforcement from the verbal community; a loose way of talking about this is labeling |
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