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learning a list of items in sequence
Ex. Learning the alphabet |
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| The beginning and the end portions of the list are typically learned faster and with fewer errors |
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| remembering the first words in the list the best |
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| remembering the last words in the list the best |
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Definition
Age
Working memory capacity
rehearsing (grouping)
knowledge
metamemory |
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Definition
| remembering a list of items, but recalling them in any sequence |
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Definition
| subjects organize the items into categories |
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| people tend to impose their own organization of the lists which will very from person to person |
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| Paired associate learning |
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Definition
| Learn stimulus-response pairs; when later given the stimulus, recall the response |
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Definition
| Deese did a study with similar words alluding to sleep and most people said sleep though it was not on the list |
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| Method of Recognition Testing |
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Definition
| Maybe items that cannot be free-recalled, can at least be recognized or identified among a set of distractor items. |
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Definition
| remembering a list of things by their first letter |
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Definition
| mnemonic based on imagery and location |
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| when an experimental variable had different effects on different tasks or measures |
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| the "verbal short term memory" it represents our brief storage of verbal material (limited capacity and easily disrupted) |
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Definition
| retains visual images and spatial information |
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Definition
| focuses, allocates, or distributes attention across multiple tasks; multitasking |
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Definition
| do two things at once (remember one set of items while doing mental arithmetic) |
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Term
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Definition
personal memories (Tulving); some-of autobiographical (not all personal knowledge is episodic). “I remember…” Experience based
Measured by free recall of words, pics, events |
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Term
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Definition
knowledge, facts, concepts, vocabulary “I know…”
How is semantic measured? General knowledge; speeded retrieval of facts |
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Definition
knowing “how to”; skills, procedures, cognitive operations (such as motor or perceptual skills)
Procedural requires practice, repetition; e.g., Mirror star tracing |
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Definition
| remembering due to recent exposure; based on one exposure |
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| Declarative memories are... |
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Definition
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| Procedural memories are... |
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Definition
-skills
-priming
-classical conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| info and memories once known or available, are forgotten or memories that should have been acquired are not |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| in-ability to form new memories |
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Definition
| -temporal lobe injury (specifically, the hippocampus) ; e.g., H.M., the classic amnesic |
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Term
| Characteristics of amnesic syndrome |
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Definition
-anterograde amnesia; little or no retrograde amnesia
-normal short term memory
- impaired ability to form new Long term memories.
- can learn procedural skills: classical conditioning, motor skills, perceptual learning.
shows priming |
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Definition
| -associated with alcoholism; may involve some different brain areas than amnesic syndrome |
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| Korsakoff’s characteristics |
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Definition
-Both anterograde and retrograde amnesia;
-confabulation |
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Term
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Definition
Forgetting motivated by psychological reasons, not physical.
Usually specific episodes are forgotten, not everything.
Generally spares semantic and procedural systems |
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Term
| Psychogenic characteristics |
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Definition
Psychological amnesias are almost always:
- retrograde (forget the past) not anterograde
-memories are not lost from the brain. The memories are repressed and inaccessible to retrieval.
- memories spontaneously recover, or the memories are retrievable under hypnosis or in dreams |
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Term
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Definition
| transient loss of all personal (episodic) memories; total amnesia for self. This doesn’t happen with organic amnesia. |
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Definition
| rehearsal helps remember, but: there is a distinction between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal |
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| expanding memory by forming associations |
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| grouping words by categories or by associations |
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| pictures are recalled better than words, and concrete words are better recalled than abstract words |
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| items are encoded twice; verbal and imaginal; pictures make a more distinct memory |
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| a distinctive item in the middle of the list will be better remembered than the same item presented in a non-distinctive fashion |
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| the more you know, the more you can remember. e.g., if you know chess, then remembering placements of chess pieces is easier |
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Definition
| remember better if you helped generate the item. But, may also recall the wrong answer that you (mistakenly) generated. |
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Definition
| Rewards can enhance learning by promoting elaboration, effortful processing, or use of strategies. But not so-helpful if the offer of incentive is delayed until retrieval (testing). You need to know about an incentive at the time of studying. |
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Definition
| spaced or distributed repetitions of information (also called spaced practice) is better than massed repetitions (or massed practice.) |
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Definition
| more is remembered if you take a practice test than if you do additional study |
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Term
| “Seductive detail" effect |
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Definition
| a really interesting but irrelevant fact is remembered, but at the expense of remembering the relevant stuff. |
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Term
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Definition
| What you know about memory and how it works; how well your memory works. E.g., -awareness of need to remember |
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