Term
| Describe Independent and Dependent Variables |
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Definition
Independent- intentionally altered
Dependent-the outcome |
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Term
| experimental vs. control (comparison) group |
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Definition
Experimental-this group is altered
Control- this group remains unchanged or constat |
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Term
| correlation and causation |
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Definition
Definition- degree of association between two variables
-Coefficients range from -1 to 1
-Negative means inverse relationship
-0 means no relationship
-higher numbers mean strong association
(disregards positive and negative) |
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Term
| operant vs. classical conditioning |
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Definition
*only observable behavior, all behavior is learned
1.neutral stimulus with meaningful stimulus (dog, bell, food)
2. Positive/reinforcement or negative/punishment |
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Term
| monozygotic vs. dizygotic twins |
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Definition
Monozygotic- came from one egg; identical
Dizygotic- two eggs were fertilized at the same time; fraternal |
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Term
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Definition
SIDS: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Prevention: firm bedding and mattress, sleep on back, use pacifiers for 1st year of life, avoid over heating, don't smoke |
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Term
| sensorimotor intelligence |
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Definition
-infants gain an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor actions
-Piaget's sensorimotor state
-A not B error |
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Term
| assimilation vs. accommodation |
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Definition
Schemes- actions or mental representation that organize knowledge
Assimilation- use existing schemes
Accommodation- adjust schemes
(horses and zebras) |
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Term
| Describe theories of language development |
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Definition
#1 B.F. Skinner: noticed babbling is usually reinforced, parents becomes the teachers, well taught children are well spoken
#2 Noam Chomsky: humans are biologically prewired to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way
-universal grammar
-proposed idea of Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Behaviorists- language is learned through repetition
Interactionists View- both biology and experience contribute |
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Term
| monozygotic vs. dizygotic twins |
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Definition
Monozygotic- came from one egg; identical
Dizygotic- two eggs were fertilized at the same time; fraternal |
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Term
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Definition
SIDS: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Prevention: firm bedding and mattress, sleep on back, use pacifiers for 1st year of life, avoid over heating, don't smoke |
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Term
| sensorimotor intelligence |
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Definition
-infants gain an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor actions
-Piaget's sensorimotor state
-A not B error |
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Term
| assimilation vs. accommodation |
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Definition
Schemes- actions or mental representation that organize knowledge
Assimilation- use existing schemes
Accommodation- adjust schemes
(horses and zebras) |
|
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Term
| Describe theories of language development |
|
Definition
#1 B.F. Skinner: noticed babbling is usually reinforced, parents becomes the teachers, well taught children are well spoken
#2 Noam Chomsky: humans are biologically prewired to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way
-universal grammar
-proposed idea of Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Behaviorists- language is learned through repetition
Interactionists View- both biology and experience contribute |
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Term
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Definition
-read the emotions of others in order to know how to act
-develops heavily in 2nd year |
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Term
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Definition
| crying occurs when caregiver leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| Match between temperament and environmental demands |
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Term
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Definition
-process through which axons are covered with a thin layer of fat cells which increase the speed and efficiency of information
-speed of thought |
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Term
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Definition
1. range of tasks that are too difficult for child alone but can be mastered with assistance
-lower limit: child alone
-upper limit: responsibility with assistance
-captures cognitive skills that are in process of maturing
2. changing the level of support |
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Term
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Definition
-Preoperational occurs from age 2-7
-represent world with words, images and theory; also form stable concepts and begin to reason
-dominated by egocentrism and magical beliefs
-child does not perform operations
-beginning of the ability to reconstruct in thought what has been established in behavior |
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Term
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Definition
-chocolate in crayon box
-children under age of 4 do not under it is possible to have a false belief
-develops in majority of children by age 5 |
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Term
| Baumrind’s parenting styles |
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Definition
Authoritorian-restrictive, unresponsive
Authoritative-controlling, accepting
Neglectful- unrestrictive, unresponsive
Indulgent- uncontrolling, accepting |
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Term
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Definition
-child is removed from a setting that is positive
ex. forbid TV
-most psychologists encourage explaining the situation (induction) |
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Term
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Definition
-can be detected from 1-3
-boys are 4x as likely to be diagnosed
1. severe developmental ASD that is onset in first 3 years
-includes deficiencies in relationships, communication, restricted, repetitive behavior |
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Term
| concrete operational thought |
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Definition
-this stage occurs from 7-11
-they can reason logically as long as it can be applied to specific or concrete examples
-identity: same object even if parts change
-reversibility: object can return to original state
-classification (family tree)
-seriation: ability to order things along a quantitative dimension
-transivity: ability to logically combine relations to understand conclusions |
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Term
| information processing system—sensory memory, working memory, long-term memory |
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Definition
1. initial; very short
2. temporarily stores info; last up to 30 seconds
3. continuation of storing info; increases with age
-speed increases
-knowledge base grows |
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Term
|
Definition
-cognition about cognition or knowing about knowing
-understand that longer lists are harder than shorter
-don't understand that things group together are easier to understand
-have unrealistic expectations of their memory |
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Term
| Puberty: too early, too late |
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Definition
Too soon:
Boys- positive self image, successful in peer relationships
Girls-more likely to smoke, drink, sex, eating disorder, have older friends, graduate less from high school
Too late:
Boys-difficult during adolescence but later in life have a strong sense of identity |
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Term
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Definition
Corpus callosum:develops quicker, thickens, improves
-information processing
Prefrontal cortex: doesn't develop til 18-25
-decision making and self control
Amygdala: matures earlier than prefrontal
-emotions
*limbic then prefrontal |
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Term
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Definition
-belief that others are as interested in them as they are
-think that they are on a stage |
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Term
| dual process model, intuitive thought, and analytic thought |
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Definition
1. quick, feels right, gut feeling
2. rational reasoning
*logic is more difficult; emotional conclusions are hard to change |
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Term
Describe Marcia's theory
1. Identity Diffusion
2. Foreclosure
3. Moratorium
4. Achievement |
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Definition
*Exploration rather than crisis
1. no crisis, no commitment- doesn't care
2. no crisis, commitment- chosen for them
3. crisis, no commitment-still deciding
4. crisis, commitment-ready to move on |
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Term
| conflict at home, including pattern over time |
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Definition
ecalates in early adolescence, stabilizes in high school, lessens around 17-20
-better if they go away for college |
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Term
| strong and attractive bodies |
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Definition
-muscle growth and shape change
-increase strength in 20s
-body systems peak (eyesight, hearing)
-most look vital, attractive |
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Term
| characteristics of emerging adulthood |
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Definition
-economic independence
-responsibility
-marriage in other cultures
-identity
-instability
-self focus
-in between
-possibilites |
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Term
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Definition
inability to resist temptation of a smaller immediate reward rather than a larger reward in the future
-relates to drug abuse and casual sex in emerging adults |
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Term
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Definition
-no major neurological changes
-can depend on circumstances
Characteristics:
-understanding that the correct answer requires reflective thinking
-solutions need to be realistic
-emotions can influence decisions
-combines subject/objective thought |
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Term
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Definition
Intimacy vs isolation
-finding oneself while losing oneself in another
-inability to develop meaningful relationships leads to isolation |
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Term
| Sternberg’s dimensions of love |
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Definition
-triarchic theory
-passion, intimacy, commitment |
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Term
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Definition
-does not have successful results in marriage
*unless couples are engaged
-low rates of marital satisfaction and higher divorce rate |
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Term
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Definition
1. designed to give information
-as in public speaking
-men prefer
2. language of conversation
-establishes and connects relationships
-women prefer |
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Term
| fluid vs. crystallized intelligence and their pattern over time |
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Definition
Fluid: ones ability to reason abstractly
-declines in middle adult years
-memory, problem solving
Crystallized: accumulated info and verbal skills
-increases in middle adulthood
-language, social intelligence |
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Term
| hormone replacement therapy |
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Definition
-adds the declining levels of reproductive hormones from the ovaries
-estrogen and progestin
-prescribed as treatment for side effects of menopause
-increased risk of stroke, cardiovascular disease
-short term, benefits may outweigh the risks |
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Term
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Definition
-average age is 51
-begins when menstruation stops
-estrogen production declines dramatically
-hot flashes, nausea, fatigue
-not as bad as it used to be |
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Term
| generativity vs. stagnation |
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Definition
-Erikson's crisis in middle adulthood
-being productive in a caring way
Generativity: adults desires to leave legacy of themselves to next generation
Stagnation: develops when individuals sense they have done little to help the next generation (self-absorption)
1. Biological- have kids
2. Parental- nurture offspring
3. Work- teach skills
4. Cultural- pass along ideas and values |
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Term
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Definition
timetable for events, based on social norms
-get married, have kids, etc
Impacted by: culture, cohort, SES
Timing is important: can lead to stress |
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Term
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Definition
-decline in marital satisfaction after children leave home
-occurs if parents have lived vicariously through children
-most of the time satisfaction increases when children leave |
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Term
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Definition
-often exaggerated
-depends on individual circumstances |
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Term
| why life expectancy is longer for women |
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Definition
Social factors: habits, lifestyles, occupation
-men are heavier smokers, drinkers
-women have better immune system (estrogen)
-X chromosome may produce more antibodies |
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Term
| Describe primary vs. secondary aging |
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Definition
Primary: universal, irreversible changes
Secondary: result of disease
-heart disease, cancer, stroke |
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Term
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Definition
Erikson's 8th and final stage in late adulthood
Integrity: satisfied with life experiences
Despair: negative view
-socially isolated in early adulthood, stagnate in middle adulthood
Generativity still important; volunteering
-better health, satisfaction |
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Term
| Kohlberg's 3 Levels of Morality |
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Definition
Preconventional: interpret good and bad in terms of external rewards and punishments
Conventional: apply certain standards, but they are set by social standards
Postconventional: recognizes alternative moral development |
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