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| The scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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| Directly observable behaviors |
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| Private, internal activities such as emotions, thinking, dreaming, and memory |
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| A systematic approach to answering scientific questions |
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| In scientific research, the process of naming and classifying |
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| When the causes of a behavior can be stated |
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| An ability to accurately forecast behavior |
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| Altering conditions that influence behavior |
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| Any false and unscientific system of beliefs and practices that is offered as an explanation of behavior |
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| An ability to reflect on, evaluate, compare, analyze, critique, and synthesize information |
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| Actually based on some reasonable neurological findings but taken too far |
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| Personality traits are revealed by handwriting |
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| The positions of the stars and planets at the time of one's birth determine personality traits and affect behavior |
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| Observing, defining a problem, proposing a hypothesis, gathering data/ testing the hypothesis, publishing results, building a theory |
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| the tendency to believe generally positive or flattering descriptions of oneself |
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| Fallacy of Positive Instances |
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| The tendency to remember or notice information that fits one's expectations, while forgetting discrepancies |
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| The tendency to consider a personal description accurate if it is stated in very general terms |
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| Considered the "Father of Psychology"; studied conscious experience: reactions to various stimuli; used introspection |
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| To look within; to examine one's own thoughts, feelings, or sensations |
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| Brought Wundt's ideas to the US; renamed ideas structuralism; also used introspection; tried to analyze "structure" of mental life |
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| Studied how the mind functions to help us adapt; applied the term functionalism |
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| Deemed introspection as unscientific; objected to study of the mind; adopted Ivan Pavlov's concept of conditioning; observed relationship between stimuli and response |
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| Studied relationship between actions, rewards, and punishments; emphasized positive reinforcement vs. punishment; worked with animals |
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| Influenced perception and personality |
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| Behavior is largely influenced by unconscious wishes, thoughts, and desires; especially sex and aggression; "talking cure" |
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| A school of psychology emphasizing the study of thinking, learning, and perception in whole units, not by analysis into parts |
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| Behavior can be explained through internal physical, chemical, and biological principles |
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| Psychological Perspectives |
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| Behavior results from psychological processes; includes cognitive psychology and consciousness |
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| Sociological Perspectives |
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| Many thoughts and behaviors are influenced by one's culture |
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| Research Participant Bias |
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| Changes in behavior (experiment) caused by expectations |
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| Changes in behavior (experiment) caused by the belief one has taken a drug |
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| Participants do not know if they are in experimental or control group; blind to the hypothesis |
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| Change in behavior due to researcher's unintended influence |
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| Prediction prompting people to act --> makes prediction come true |
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| Neither researcher nor participants know who is in the experimental vs. control group |
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| Consistent, systematic relationship between two or more events, measures, or variables |
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| Increases in one measure match increases in the other measure; decreases in one measure match decreases in the other measure |
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| Increases in one measure match decreases in the other measure |
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| In-depth focus of all aspects of a single subject |
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| Polling technique to answer psychological questions |
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