Term
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Definition
| The increase of the strength of response to a repeated stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Where an organism learns to associate two stimuli (sex and dripping hot wax) so that on stimulus produces a response that was originally only produced by the other. (Example: the dripping of hot wax anywhere on my body now makes me ejaculate) |
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Term
| Acquisition (each one is called a learning trial) |
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Definition
| Refers to the period in which a response is being learned. |
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Term
| (UCS) Unconditioned Stimulus |
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Definition
| A stimulus that causes a natural reaction - where no learning was required to produce a specific response. For example: cold weather, or a knife flying towards your head. |
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Term
| (UCR) Unconditioned Response |
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Definition
| A response that is natural, which requires no learning or conditioning. For example, sweating in heat, or pulling your hand away from a flame |
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Term
| (CS) Conditioned Stimulus |
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Definition
| A stimulus that required learning in order to produce a specific response, one that is not natural. For example: hearing a whistle, or seeing santa. (in this case the sound of a whistle could make you run home for dinner, and seeing santa could cause you to get a hard on) |
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Term
| (CR) Conditioned Response |
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Definition
| A response to a stimulus that had to be learned, that is not natural. For example, crying when you hear the happy birthday song (maybe because your great-grandpappy choked and died while singing it) |
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Term
| Extinction (each one is called an extinction trial) |
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Definition
| The process where a conditioned response (CR) weakens, and eventually disappears. This usually happens when the CS is presented repeatedly in the absence of the UCS. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials. |
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Term
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Definition
| When stimuli similar to the initial CS elicit a CR |
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Term
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Definition
| Demonstrated when a CR (such as an alarm reaction) occurs to one stimulus (a specific sound) but not to others. |
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Term
| Higher-order Conditioning |
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Definition
| A neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS |
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Term
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Definition
| When a psychologist exposes the phobic patient to the feared stimulus (CS) without any UCS, allowing extinction to occur. |
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Term
| Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
| When a therapist teaches a phobic patient muscle relaxation techniques and then gradually exposes the fear stimulus (CS) |
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Term
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Definition
| When a therapist exposes a phobic patient to the feared stimulus (CS) without any attempts to soften the blow of fear - hoping to weaken the CS until it is extinct. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attempts to condition an aversion (a repulsion) to a stimulus that triggers unwanted behaviour by pairing it with a noxious UCS. (Example: A Clockwork Orange, pairing violent movies with vomit inducing injections --> the patient will now feel sick at the sight of violence) |
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Term
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Definition
| A voluntary response to a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| An involuntary response to a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| When an organism's behaviour is involved in bringing about certain outcomes. With trial-and-error, the organism can eliminate responses that failed. (Example: a cat pushes every single button before hitting the right one, which gives him food) |
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Term
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Definition
| States that in a given situation, a response followed by a satisfying consequence will become more likely to occur, and a response followed by an unsatisfying consequence will become less likely to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of learning in which behaviour is influenced by its consequences (akin to Thorndike's instrumental learning) |
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Term
| ABCs of Operant Conditioning |
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Definition
| If and then, which is to say, if antecedent stimulus is presented and behaviour is emitted then consequence will occur. Example: you say sit, dog sits, dog gets a treat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Something that occurs only if something else occurs. Example, dog will only sit if I tell him, dog will only get treat if he sits. (aka the relation of A to B and B to C) |
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Term
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Definition
| An antecedent stimulus that signals the likelihood of certain consequences if a response is made. Example, a light above a food lever for a rat in a box. Food is dispensed when the light is on and the lever is pulled. Rat knows to pull the lever only when the light is on. |
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Term
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Definition
| A response is strengthened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A response is strengthened by the subsequent removal or avoidance of a stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The weakening and eventual disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced. |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which non-reinforced responses persist (remain). |
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Term
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Definition
| A response is weakened by the subsequent presentation of a(n undesirable) stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A response is weakened by the subsequent removal of a (desirable) stimulus. Example: that'll cost you $100. No more TV. Go to jail for stealing a car. For that, I will kill your wife. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimuli such as food and water (and in some respects, other human needs, such as shelter, sense of purpose, social acceptance, and reproducing) that an organism naturally finds reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimuli such as money and positive feedback which reinforce behaviour due to its association with primary reinforcers. Example: earning money reinforces working, and money leads to food. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to forgo (go without) an immediate smaller reward for a delayed but more satisfying outcome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves reinforcing successive steps toward a final response. aka The Method of Successive Approximations. Example: teaching a shy child to speak. Reinforce him to say words, then to say them loudly. Than reinforce him to speak sentences, and then sentences in the presence of other people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to develop a sequence of responses by reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response. Example: rat hits a bell which turns on a light which means food is ready to be dispensed. |
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Term
| Continuous Reinforcement Schedule |
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Definition
| Every response of a particular type is reinforced |
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Term
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Definition
| Only some responses are reinforced, aka intermittent reinforcement. |
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Term
| Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule |
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Definition
| Reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses. Example 1: FR-3 means that reinforcement occurs after every third response, regardless of how long it takes for those responses to occur. Example 2: Working for piecework, you get paid $10 per every three Jews that you shoot. |
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Term
| Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule |
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Definition
| Reinforcement is given after an unpredictable number of correct responses, based on an average. Example 1: a VR-3 schedule means that on average three responses are required for reinforcement. Example 2: Gambling at a slot machine, you never know when the next payout, or reinforcement, will happen. |
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Term
| Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule |
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Definition
| The first correct response that occurs after a fixed time interval is reinforced. Example 1: A rat presses a lever and every three minutes it gives out food. Example 2: An FI-4 schedule in Psychology class means there is a test every interval of 4 weeks, and therefore little studying happens following a test, and lots happens right before it. |
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Term
| Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule |
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Definition
| Reinforcement is given for the first response that occurs after a variable time interval. Example 1: A VI-3 schedule means that on average there is a three-minute interval between opportunities to obtain reinforcement. Example 2: Pop quizzes, random drug tests, roadside speed traps. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms learn a response to terminate an aversive (undesirable) stimulus. example: wearing a sweater to avoid the cold. yawning to make the dork who is talking to you go away |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms learn to respond to completely avoid aversive (undesirable) stimuli, that is, before it even occurs. Example, sun screen before going to the beach, or wearing diapers to a scary movie before you piss yourself |
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Term
| Two-Factor Theory of Avoidance Learning |
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Definition
| Theory that avoidance learning first involves the classical conditioning of fear, followed by learning operant responses that avoid an anticipated aversive stimulus and thus are reinforced by anxiety reduction. |
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Term
| Applied Behaviour Analysis |
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Definition
| Combines a behavioural approach with the scientific method to solve individual and societal problems |
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Term
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Definition
| Through evolution, animals are biologically prewired to easily learn behaviours related to their survival as a species. |
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Term
| Conditioned Taste Aversion |
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Definition
| A learned repulsion to a food that formerly was neutral or desired, by virtue of pairing the food with an aversive UCS (e.g., nausea, stomach illness) |
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Term
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Definition
| A conditioned response shifts back towards instinctive behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| The sudden perception of a useful relationship or a solution to a problem |
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Term
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Definition
| A mental representation of the spatial layout of an area |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until there is an incentive to perform |
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